Cover of All Fours
    Fiction

    All Fours

    by July;, Miranda
    Miranda July’s 2024 novel All Fours follows a 45-year-old semi-famous artist who disrupts her stable Los Angeles life with her husband and child by impulsively announcing a cross-country road trip. The journey becomes a catalyst for self-discovery as she grapples with midlife crises, sexual awakening, and perimenopause, culminating in an unexpected affair. Blending humor and poignancy, the novel explores themes of desire, identity, and the search for reinvention in middle age. July’s autofictional style and candid portrayal of female experience have drawn comparisons to a “perimenopause novel,” marking it as a distinctive entry in contemporary literature.

    The chap­ter opens with the nar­ra­tor reflect­ing on an uncon­ven­tion­al deci­sion to dri­ve to New York instead of fly­ing, prompt­ed by a con­ver­sa­tion at a par­ty. Har­ris, the nar­ra­tor’s part­ner, intro­duces a the­o­ry divid­ing peo­ple into “Dri­vers” and “Park­ers.” Dri­vers, he explains, find joy in mun­dane activ­i­ties and can endure long, unevent­ful tasks like cross-coun­try dri­ves, while Park­ers thrive on chal­leng­ing, applause-wor­thy tasks but often feel bored or dis­ap­point­ed oth­er­wise. The nar­ra­tor sub­tly reveals her iden­ti­fi­ca­tion as a Park­er, hint­ing at under­ly­ing feel­ings of depres­sion and dis­con­nec­tion from Har­ris’s ground­ed demeanor.

    Har­ris’s the­o­ry sparks a live­ly debate among the par­ty guests, with Son­ja and her hus­band weigh­ing in on their pref­er­ences. Son­ja, ini­tial­ly resis­tant to being labeled a Dri­ver, even­tu­al­ly embraces the idea, while Har­ris insists these roles are innate. The nar­ra­tor observes Har­ris’s unusu­al ani­ma­tion around Son­ja, con­trast­ing it with his typ­i­cal reserved nature. This inter­ac­tion high­lights the nar­ra­tor’s sense of being an out­sider, a theme rein­forced by her ten­den­cy to men­tal­ly “step aside” when Har­ris con­nects with oth­ers, such as wait­staff or strangers.

    The nar­ra­tor shifts focus to her own behav­ior at the par­ty, los­ing her­self in dance with unin­hib­it­ed, almost provoca­tive move­ments. She becomes acute­ly aware of how oth­ers per­ceive her, from the amused host’s father to Har­ris’s like­ly dis­ap­proval. This moment under­scores her inter­nal con­flict between self-expres­sion and soci­etal expec­ta­tions, as well as her com­pli­cat­ed rela­tion­ship with Har­ris, who leans tra­di­tion­al despite their deep bond. A silent salute between them reveals a pro­found, unspo­ken loy­al­ty that tran­scends fleet­ing emo­tions.

    The chap­ter clos­es with the nar­ra­tor retreat­ing to the bath­room, con­tem­plat­ing the pos­si­bil­i­ty of trans­form­ing from a Park­er into a Driver—both metaphor­i­cal­ly and lit­er­al­ly. She imag­ines com­plet­ing a cross-coun­try dri­ve, return­ing to Har­ris and their child, Sam, with a sense of accom­plish­ment. This fleet­ing fan­ta­sy hints at her desire for change and rec­on­cil­i­a­tion, though the chap­ter leaves unre­solved whether she will act on it. The nar­ra­tive cap­tures the ten­sion between iden­ti­ty and rela­tion­ships, blend­ing intro­spec­tion with vivid, relat­able scenes.

    FAQs

    • 1. What is Harris’s theory about “Parkers” and “Drivers,” and how does the narrator react to being classified as a Parker?

      Answer:
      Harris’s theory divides people into two categories: “Drivers” who find joy in everyday activities and can endure mundane tasks like cross-country drives, and “Parkers” who thrive on discrete, challenging tasks that might earn them praise but often feel fundamentally disappointed. The narrator recognizes herself as a Parker and reflects that what Harris calls “disappointed” might actually be depression. She observes Harris’s animated interaction with Sonja (a Driver) and feels like a third wheel, though she notes their deep, unspoken connection remains intact through their special salute gesture.

      2. How does the narrator’s dance scene reveal her complex relationship with attention and self-expression?

      Answer:
      The narrator’s uninhibited dancing—described as “fuck[ing] the air” with aggressive, creative movements—shows her desire for both liberation and validation. She oscillates between confidence (interpreting smiles as admiration) and insecurity (wondering if others are embarrassed for her). The scene also highlights her relationship with Harris: she fears his judgment (“unnecessarily provocative”) but finds comfort in their silent salute, which represents a deeper bond beyond fleeting reactions. This mirrors her broader tension between craving recognition and retreating into self-doubt.

      3. Analyze the significance of the “salute” between the narrator and Harris. What does it symbolize about their relationship?

      Answer:
      The salute, originating from their first meeting, serves as a nonverbal affirmation of their connection—a way to say “There you are” across crowded rooms. Unlike typical couples who might physically reunite, they preserve the moment’s tenderness by maintaining distance, suggesting their bond thrives in abstraction. The narrator describes it as “steadfast devotion” that transcends fleeting emotions, hinting at a love that’s profound but potentially constrained by their personalities (her need for stimulation, his traditionalism). It’s a ritual that acknowledges both their intimacy and the space between them.

      4. How does the narrator’s internal monologue about pets reflect her broader worldview and conflicts?

      Answer:
      Her ambivalence about pets—questioning animal domestication as “a kind of slavery” while acknowledging the impracticality of reversing it—mirrors her tendency to overanalyze and moralize everyday choices. This aligns with her Parker persona: she seeks intellectual challenges (debating ethics) but struggles with mundane realities (Harris and Sam wanting a dog). Her self-awareness (“my least winning qualities”) shows she recognizes how her critiques isolate her, yet she can’t suppress them, reinforcing Harris’s view that Parkers are “disappointed” by life’s ordinary aspects.

    Quotes

    • 1. “Well, in life there are Parkers and there are Drivers. Drivers are able to maintain awareness and engagement even when life is boring. They don’t need applause for every little thing—they can get joy from petting a dog or hanging out with their kid and that’s enough.”

      This quote introduces Harris’s central personality theory that divides people into two types: those who find joy in mundane moments (Drivers) and those who crave dramatic challenges (Parkers). It sets up the chapter’s exploration of the narrator’s self-perception and relationship dynamics.

      2. “Parkers… need a discrete task that seems impossible, something that takes every bit of focus and for which they might receive applause… The rest of the time they’re bored and fundamentally kind of… disappointed.”

      This elaboration on the Parker archetype reveals the narrator’s underlying dissatisfaction with herself and her life. The quote captures the chapter’s psychological tension and hints at her marital dynamics with Harris.

      3. “Being a third wheel is my native state. Sometimes Harris will seem to have rapport with a waitress or a cashier and I immediately cede to them as a couple—I internally step aside and give my place to the other woman.”

      This vulnerable admission exposes the narrator’s deep-seated insecurities and patterns of self-erasure in relationships. It’s a key moment of self-revelation that explains much of her behavior throughout the chapter.

      4. “At this slight remove all our formality falls away, revealing a mutual and steadfast devotion so tender I could have cried right there on the dance floor… we understood the feeling would disappear if we got too close.”

      This poignant description captures the complex, almost mystical connection between the narrator and Harris. It reveals the paradoxical nature of their intimacy - strongest when maintained at a distance.

      5. “Of course it wasn’t too late to switch from Parker to Driver—anyone with a driver’s license could drive across the country.”

      The closing lines suggest the narrator’s dawning realization about personal transformation possibilities. This incomplete thought leaves readers anticipating whether she will actually make this metaphorical journey.

    Quotes

    1. “Well, in life there are Parkers and there are Drivers. Drivers are able to maintain awareness and engagement even when life is boring. They don’t need applause for every little thing—they can get joy from petting a dog or hanging out with their kid and that’s enough.”

    This quote introduces Harris’s central personality theory that divides people into two types: those who find joy in mundane moments (Drivers) and those who crave dramatic challenges (Parkers). It sets up the chapter’s exploration of the narrator’s self-perception and relationship dynamics.

    2. “Parkers… need a discrete task that seems impossible, something that takes every bit of focus and for which they might receive applause… The rest of the time they’re bored and fundamentally kind of… disappointed.”

    This elaboration on the Parker archetype reveals the narrator’s underlying dissatisfaction with herself and her life. The quote captures the chapter’s psychological tension and hints at her marital dynamics with Harris.

    3. “Being a third wheel is my native state. Sometimes Harris will seem to have rapport with a waitress or a cashier and I immediately cede to them as a couple—I internally step aside and give my place to the other woman.”

    This vulnerable admission exposes the narrator’s deep-seated insecurities and patterns of self-erasure in relationships. It’s a key moment of self-revelation that explains much of her behavior throughout the chapter.

    4. “At this slight remove all our formality falls away, revealing a mutual and steadfast devotion so tender I could have cried right there on the dance floor… we understood the feeling would disappear if we got too close.”

    This poignant description captures the complex, almost mystical connection between the narrator and Harris. It reveals the paradoxical nature of their intimacy - strongest when maintained at a distance.

    5. “Of course it wasn’t too late to switch from Parker to Driver—anyone with a driver’s license could drive across the country.”

    The closing lines suggest the narrator’s dawning realization about personal transformation possibilities. This incomplete thought leaves readers anticipating whether she will actually make this metaphorical journey.

    FAQs

    1. What is Harris’s theory about “Parkers” and “Drivers,” and how does the narrator react to being classified as a Parker?

    Answer:
    Harris’s theory divides people into two categories: “Drivers” who find joy in everyday activities and can endure mundane tasks like cross-country drives, and “Parkers” who thrive on discrete, challenging tasks that might earn them praise but often feel fundamentally disappointed. The narrator recognizes herself as a Parker and reflects that what Harris calls “disappointed” might actually be depression. She observes Harris’s animated interaction with Sonja (a Driver) and feels like a third wheel, though she notes their deep, unspoken connection remains intact through their special salute gesture.

    2. How does the narrator’s dance scene reveal her complex relationship with attention and self-expression?

    Answer:
    The narrator’s uninhibited dancing—described as “fuck[ing] the air” with aggressive, creative movements—shows her desire for both liberation and validation. She oscillates between confidence (interpreting smiles as admiration) and insecurity (wondering if others are embarrassed for her). The scene also highlights her relationship with Harris: she fears his judgment (“unnecessarily provocative”) but finds comfort in their silent salute, which represents a deeper bond beyond fleeting reactions. This mirrors her broader tension between craving recognition and retreating into self-doubt.

    3. Analyze the significance of the “salute” between the narrator and Harris. What does it symbolize about their relationship?

    Answer:
    The salute, originating from their first meeting, serves as a nonverbal affirmation of their connection—a way to say “There you are” across crowded rooms. Unlike typical couples who might physically reunite, they preserve the moment’s tenderness by maintaining distance, suggesting their bond thrives in abstraction. The narrator describes it as “steadfast devotion” that transcends fleeting emotions, hinting at a love that’s profound but potentially constrained by their personalities (her need for stimulation, his traditionalism). It’s a ritual that acknowledges both their intimacy and the space between them.

    4. How does the narrator’s internal monologue about pets reflect her broader worldview and conflicts?

    Answer:
    Her ambivalence about pets—questioning animal domestication as “a kind of slavery” while acknowledging the impracticality of reversing it—mirrors her tendency to overanalyze and moralize everyday choices. This aligns with her Parker persona: she seeks intellectual challenges (debating ethics) but struggles with mundane realities (Harris and Sam wanting a dog). Her self-awareness (“my least winning qualities”) shows she recognizes how her critiques isolate her, yet she can’t suppress them, reinforcing Harris’s view that Parkers are “disappointed” by life’s ordinary aspects.

    Note