Cover of Martyr!
    Poetry

    Martyr!

    by Kaveh Akbar
    “Martyr!” by Kaveh Akbar follows Cyrus Shams, a first-generation Iranian American poet grappling with addiction, grief, and identity after his mother’s death in a U.S. government-related plane bombing. The novel traces Cyrus’s journey as he seeks meaning through art, faith, and encounters with figures like a terminally ill artist in the Brooklyn Museum. Themes of legacy, sacrifice, and the immigrant experience are explored through Cyrus’s introspective quest, blending personal tragedy with broader existential questions. Akbar’s debut novel is noted for its lyrical prose and examination of how individuals navigate pain and purpose.

    The chap­ter opens with a wom­an’s first flight expe­ri­ence from Tehran to Ban­dar Abbas on July 3, 1988, against the back­drop of Iran’s eco­nom­ic hard­ship. The nar­ra­tive paints a vivid pic­ture of Tehran’s struggles—families sell­ing heir­loom car­pets for sur­vival, men rais­ing chick­ens in bath­rooms, and des­per­ate attempts to secure food. A haunt­ing scene depicts young women risk­ing pros­ti­tu­tion on Rev­o­lu­tion Street, with one girl vio­lent­ly appre­hend­ed by secret police. The pro­tag­o­nist’s unease dur­ing her flight man­i­fests through small details like an emp­ty water bot­tle, which para­dox­i­cal­ly com­forts her as proof of the plane’s safe­ty.

    Dur­ing her con­nect­ing flight to Dubai, the woman encoun­ters a near­ly full cab­in despite the sparse gate. A tense inter­ac­tion occurs when she mis­tak­en­ly sits next to a hos­tile man, high­light­ing the under­ly­ing atmos­phere of sus­pi­cion. Seat­ed by a kind­ly Arab woman, she dis­tracts her­self with the flight mag­a­zine’s pro­pa­gan­da about Iran’s his­tor­i­cal grandeur, con­trast­ing sharply with the coun­try’s cur­rent decay. The text under­scores this irony by men­tion­ing how stat­ues of shahs were replaced with scowl­ing aya­tol­lahs, and moth­ers were forced to cel­e­brate their sons’ deaths as “mar­tyrs.”

    As the plane ascends, the pro­tag­o­nist expe­ri­ences rare moments of peace, phys­i­cal­ly dis­tanc­ing her­self from Tehran’s hor­rors. The nar­ra­tive con­trasts the ground­ed real­i­ty of pub­lic exe­cu­tions and oppres­sion with the tran­sient safe­ty of flight. Her delib­er­ate focus on breath­ing sym­bol­izes both lib­er­a­tion and the weight of sur­vival guilt. The Ara­bic word “Emkanat” (pos­si­bil­i­ties) sur­faces in her thoughts, rep­re­sent­ing a long-for­got­ten con­cept of hope that now flick­ers back to life as she gazes at the clouds and ocean below.

    The chap­ter clos­es with intro­spec­tive imagery—the pink-edged sun­rise mir­ror­ing her ten­ta­tive hope, the ocean’s blues sym­bol­iz­ing unchart­ed futures. Her phys­i­cal jour­ney par­al­lels an emo­tion­al tran­si­tion from oppres­sion to poten­tial free­dom, though the text main­tains an under­cur­rent of uncer­tain­ty. The jux­ta­po­si­tion of Iran’s crum­bling present with ancient civ­i­liza­tions’ ruins sug­gests cycli­cal pat­terns of rise and fall, leav­ing the woman sus­pend­ed between trau­ma and the frag­ile promise of a new begin­ning.

    FAQs

    • 1. How does the author use sensory details to convey the economic hardships in Tehran during this period?

      Answer:
      The author paints a vivid picture of economic struggle through multiple sensory descriptions. Visual details show “old matriarchs rolling up the rugs” to sell them cheaply, while olfactory imagery highlights the stench of houses where people raised chickens in bathrooms and closets. The tactile detail of men carrying “pillowcases with writhing baby birds” underscores desperation, and auditory elements like the screaming teenager being forced into a van amplify the atmosphere of fear. These sensory layers collectively create a visceral understanding of the deprivation and instability in 1988 Tehran.

      2. Analyze the symbolic significance of the protagonist’s airplane experiences in relation to her emotional journey.

      Answer:
      The airplanes serve as powerful metaphors for transition and emotional duality. Her first flight’s emptiness and refusal of food mirror her numbness, while the second flight’s crowdedness parallels her growing anxiety about escape. The mineral water bottle becomes a tangible symbol of survival (“proof” flights land safely), just as her passport represents hope. The contrast between the “horror” on the ground and the “calm” at altitude reflects her psychological shift from oppression to tentative freedom, culminating in her reflection on “Emkanat” (possibilities) as she crosses the ocean—a literal and figurative threshold.

      3. What does the chapter reveal about the psychological impact of political repression on ordinary citizens?

      Answer:
      The text demonstrates profound psychological trauma through collective and individual behaviors. Mothers develop “eerie not-quite-smiles” when told their sons are martyrs, showing enforced performative grief. The protagonist’s guilt about fleeing (“You will not be needed”) reveals internalized responsibility, while her hyperawareness of the passport illustrates chronic fear. The description of young women risking prostitution and secret police abductions (“I am peaceful!”) showcases how repression breeds paranoia and desperation. Even mundane acts like breathing become weighted with meaning, emphasizing how totalitarianism distorts basic human experiences.

      4. How does the author use historical and cultural references to contextualize Iran’s societal collapse?

      Answer:
      The magazine article about the ancient winged sphinx (“Older than the Roman Colosseum!”) serves as an ironic counterpoint to modern decay, suggesting civilizational cycles of rise and ruin. The replacement of shahs’ statues with ayatollahs’ scowling visages illustrates ideological rewriting of history, while Qom’s mullahs practicing “glowers” satirizes the institutionalization of authoritarianism. By juxtaposing Persia’s ancient grandeur with contemporary dystopia—where soldiers deliver martyrdom notices and bodies hang from cranes—the author frames Iran’s crisis as both uniquely terrible and grimly universal in historical terms.

    Quotes

    • 1. “Men were raising chickens in their bathrooms, in their closets—these houses you could smell from a block away. Meat had gotten so expensive.”

      This vivid description captures the economic desperation in Tehran during this period, illustrating how ordinary people resorted to extreme measures to survive. It sets the stage for the broader societal collapse the protagonist is fleeing.

      2. “Once, walking with her husband back home, the woman had seen a girl, just a teenager, being pushed into an idling white van. The girl was screaming, ‘Why?! I am peaceful! I am peaceful!’”

      This harrowing moment reveals the constant threat of state violence and arbitrary detention under the regime. The girl’s desperate cry underscores the climate of fear and injustice that motivates the protagonist’s escape.

      3. “In Isfahan, the old capital, soldiers showed up unannounced at the doors of old women, saying, ‘Congratulations, your sons have been martyred.’”

      This chilling quote exemplifies the regime’s cruel propaganda and the psychological torture inflicted on families. The bitter irony of “congratulations” for losing a child highlights the dystopian reality of wartime Iran.

      4. “Horror, which lived on the ground. In the past. In the air, in the present where she was, it was calm. Still.”

      This poetic contrast captures the protagonist’s moment of transition and temporary relief as she physically distances herself from her traumatic homeland. The aerial perspective symbolizes both literal and psychological escape.

      5. “Even this, breathing, felt freighted, suddenly more meaningful, the way money means more to the poor than the rich.”

      This profound observation reflects the protagonist’s newfound appreciation for basic freedoms after living under oppression. The simile powerfully conveys how oppression distorts one’s relationship to even the most fundamental human experiences.

    Quotes

    1. “Men were raising chickens in their bathrooms, in their closets—these houses you could smell from a block away. Meat had gotten so expensive.”

    This vivid description captures the economic desperation in Tehran during this period, illustrating how ordinary people resorted to extreme measures to survive. It sets the stage for the broader societal collapse the protagonist is fleeing.

    2. “Once, walking with her husband back home, the woman had seen a girl, just a teenager, being pushed into an idling white van. The girl was screaming, ‘Why?! I am peaceful! I am peaceful!’”

    This harrowing moment reveals the constant threat of state violence and arbitrary detention under the regime. The girl’s desperate cry underscores the climate of fear and injustice that motivates the protagonist’s escape.

    3. “In Isfahan, the old capital, soldiers showed up unannounced at the doors of old women, saying, ‘Congratulations, your sons have been martyred.’”

    This chilling quote exemplifies the regime’s cruel propaganda and the psychological torture inflicted on families. The bitter irony of “congratulations” for losing a child highlights the dystopian reality of wartime Iran.

    4. “Horror, which lived on the ground. In the past. In the air, in the present where she was, it was calm. Still.”

    This poetic contrast captures the protagonist’s moment of transition and temporary relief as she physically distances herself from her traumatic homeland. The aerial perspective symbolizes both literal and psychological escape.

    5. “Even this, breathing, felt freighted, suddenly more meaningful, the way money means more to the poor than the rich.”

    This profound observation reflects the protagonist’s newfound appreciation for basic freedoms after living under oppression. The simile powerfully conveys how oppression distorts one’s relationship to even the most fundamental human experiences.

    FAQs

    1. How does the author use sensory details to convey the economic hardships in Tehran during this period?

    Answer:
    The author paints a vivid picture of economic struggle through multiple sensory descriptions. Visual details show “old matriarchs rolling up the rugs” to sell them cheaply, while olfactory imagery highlights the stench of houses where people raised chickens in bathrooms and closets. The tactile detail of men carrying “pillowcases with writhing baby birds” underscores desperation, and auditory elements like the screaming teenager being forced into a van amplify the atmosphere of fear. These sensory layers collectively create a visceral understanding of the deprivation and instability in 1988 Tehran.

    2. Analyze the symbolic significance of the protagonist’s airplane experiences in relation to her emotional journey.

    Answer:
    The airplanes serve as powerful metaphors for transition and emotional duality. Her first flight’s emptiness and refusal of food mirror her numbness, while the second flight’s crowdedness parallels her growing anxiety about escape. The mineral water bottle becomes a tangible symbol of survival (“proof” flights land safely), just as her passport represents hope. The contrast between the “horror” on the ground and the “calm” at altitude reflects her psychological shift from oppression to tentative freedom, culminating in her reflection on “Emkanat” (possibilities) as she crosses the ocean—a literal and figurative threshold.

    3. What does the chapter reveal about the psychological impact of political repression on ordinary citizens?

    Answer:
    The text demonstrates profound psychological trauma through collective and individual behaviors. Mothers develop “eerie not-quite-smiles” when told their sons are martyrs, showing enforced performative grief. The protagonist’s guilt about fleeing (“You will not be needed”) reveals internalized responsibility, while her hyperawareness of the passport illustrates chronic fear. The description of young women risking prostitution and secret police abductions (“I am peaceful!”) showcases how repression breeds paranoia and desperation. Even mundane acts like breathing become weighted with meaning, emphasizing how totalitarianism distorts basic human experiences.

    4. How does the author use historical and cultural references to contextualize Iran’s societal collapse?

    Answer:
    The magazine article about the ancient winged sphinx (“Older than the Roman Colosseum!”) serves as an ironic counterpoint to modern decay, suggesting civilizational cycles of rise and ruin. The replacement of shahs’ statues with ayatollahs’ scowling visages illustrates ideological rewriting of history, while Qom’s mullahs practicing “glowers” satirizes the institutionalization of authoritarianism. By juxtaposing Persia’s ancient grandeur with contemporary dystopia—where soldiers deliver martyrdom notices and bodies hang from cranes—the author frames Iran’s crisis as both uniquely terrible and grimly universal in historical terms.

    Note