You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

SO EASY A CAVEMAN COULD DO IT?
 
�            The Pale­olith­ic Peri­od refers to the “Old Stone Age” era of human
his­to­ry. It last­ed from about 3.3 mil­lion years ago to about 15,000 to
20,000 years ago, depend­ing on the region of the plan­et.
 
�            There were sev­er­al species of humans or homo. Homo habilis was
the first mem­ber of the homo genus to emerge, liv­ing from about 2.31
mil­lion years ago to 1.65 mil­lion years ago.
 
�            The old­est known fish­hooks were dis­cov­ered in Sak­i­tari Cave in
Oki­nawa, Japan. The hooks are dat­ed to the “Upper Pale­olith­ic
Peri­od,” from about 22,380 to 22,770 years old.
 
�            Dur­ing the Pale­olith­ic era, the plan­et was crawl­ing with megafau­na
such as sabre-tooth tigers, mam­moths, and mastodons, so humans had
to be more intel­li­gent and bet­ter orga­nized than what’s com­mon­ly
believed.
 
�       Homo erec­tus is by far the longest-lived mem­ber of the homo genus.
They lived from about two mil­lion years ago to 117,000–108,000
years ago. Homo sapi­ens (mod­ern humans), only emerged just over
300,000 years ago.
 
�            When Pale­olith­ic peo­ple weren’t killing mam­moths, they were
relax­ing! Some mod­ern schol­ars have argued Pale­olith­ic peo­ple
worked few­er hours and were just as well fed as mod­ern peo­ple.
 
�       The Cue­va de las Manos in the province of San­ta Cruz, Argenti­na is
a bit of a creepy place. It’s known for the hun­dreds of main­ly left
hands that were sten­ciled into the walls some­time between 7,300 BCE
and CE 700.
 
�            The old­est known tools were dis­cov­ered at the site of Lomek­wi,
Kenya. The prim­i­tive tools date to three mil­lion years ago, pre­dat­ing
the old­est homo by 500,000 years.
 
�            Homo nead­erthalen­sis emerged in Europe about 400,000 and lived
until about 30,000 years ago. Mod­ern Euro­peans and Asians have 1%
to 4% Nean­derthal DNA on aver­age.
 
�       The atlatl is an ancient spear-throw­ing device that has been invent­ed
inde­pen­dent­ly through­out the world at dif­fer­ent times. It’s believed
the first atlatls were devel­oped about 30,000 years ago by homo
sapi­ens.
 
�            The ear­li­est homo tool-mak­ing cul­ture is known as the Oldowan,
which exist­ed from 2.6 to 1.7 mil­lion years ago in Africa, Asia, and
Europe. The Oldowan was replaced by the Acheulean, which last­ed
from about 1.7 mil­lion years to 130,000 years ago.
 
�       Pale­olith­ic peo­ple get a bad rap for liv­ing in caves, but caves allowed
homo species to pro­tect them­selves from ani­mals and oth­er homos,
bury their dead and con­tem­plate their life.
 
�            Pale­olith­ic peo­ple sewed their cloth­ing, made skin boats, and oth­er
things. The old­est known bone nee­dle, dis­cov­ered in the Deniso­va
Cave in Siberia, Rus­sia, has been deter­mined to be more than 50,000
years old.
 
�            The Mous­ter­ian tool complex/culture from about 300,000 to 30,000
years ago, involv­ing Nean­derthals and mod­ern humans. The Lev­al­lois
tech­nique was used in a knap­ping pro­ce­dure (flak­ing pro­ce­dure) to
pro­duce arrow­heads and oth­er tools.
 
�            From about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago, Pale­olith­ic peo­ple began
devel­op­ing exten­sive and intri­cate cave art. The best-known exam­ple
is the Las­caux Cave in France.
 
�       Men did the hunt­ing and fight­ing, while women gath­ered nuts, fruits,
and berries dur­ing the Pale­olith­ic Peri­od, but there may have been
more gen­der equal­i­ty than in lat­er eras.
 
�            “Nean­derthal” is often used as a pejo­ra­tive for some­one with a low
IQ. The truth is that the Nean­derthals had larg­er brain­cas­es on
aver­age than mod­ern humans.
 
�            The Clo­vis Cul­ture last­ed from about 13,000 to 11,000 years ago in
North Amer­i­ca. The Clo­vis is the best known and was the most
advanced and wide­spread of all North Amer­i­can Pale­olith­ic cul­tures.
 
�       Per­haps the great­est work of art from the Pale­olith­ic Era is the Venus
of Wil­len­dorf. The 4.4‑inch-high stat­ue of a curvy female was
sculpt­ed 25,000–30,000 years ago.
 
�       It was once thought that mod­ern humans wiped the Nean­derthals out
in endem­ic war­fare, but now schol­ars believe a num­ber of fac­tors
con­tributed. One is that Nean­derthal women had longer ges­ta­tion
peri­ods.
 
�            Homo flo­re­sien­sis is named for the island of Flo­re­sien­sis, Indone­sia
where all known remains were found. These peo­ple, who lived until
about 50,000 years ago, were only about 3’6 tall!
 
�            Britain no longer has any large wild ani­mals, but in the Pale­olith­ic
Peri­od the island was home to wool­ly rhi­noc­er­os­es, cave lions, and
mam­moths.
 
�            The old­est known musi­cal instru­ments are sev­er­al flutes dis­cov­ered
in caves in Ger­many that are dat­ed 43,000 to 35,000 years ago.
 
�            Red ochre was one of the most com­mon types of paint used in the
Pale­olith­ic Era, but yel­low ochre, hematite, and coal from a num­ber
of sources, includ­ing human bones, were used.
 
�       Bruce Bradley of the Uni­ver­si­ty of Exeter and Den­nis Stan­ford of the
Smith­son­ian Muse­um argue that stone age explor­ers hopped ice floes