From Felix The Cat To Anime

You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

FROM FELIX THE CAT TO ANIME
 
 
�            Ani­ma­tion tech­nol­o­gy has come a long way. Ear­ly ani­ma­tion
involved draw­ing or paint­ing stills being pro­ject­ed with a device
known as a “mag­ic lantern.”
 
�       Man­ga is a dis­tinct style of Japan­ese car­toons that start­ed in the late
1800s. Man­ga has sev­er­al gen­res, but the ren­der­ing of the human
fig­ures tends to be sim­i­lar across time, artists, and gen­res.
 
�            A car­toon is any drawn or paint­ed illus­tra­tion. Once a car­toon is
giv­en “life” through var­i­ous tech­nolo­gies, then it becomes an
ani­ma­tion.
 
�       ‘Felix the Cat’ was cre­at­ed by artists Pat Sul­li­van and Otto Mess­mer
in 1919. The crazy cat has since appeared in hun­dreds of films, shorts,
and TV shows.
 
�            For sev­er­al decades, the most com­mon­ly used method for cre­at­ing
ani­mat­ed films or TV shows was by hand-draw­ing images on
cel­lu­loid (cel) sheets. The sheets were then laid over a sta­t­ic
back­ground.
 
�            Cel ani­ma­tion could be quite tedious, with 100,000 or more cels
being required for a fea­ture film. CGI ani­ma­tion began replac­ing cel
ani­ma­tion in the 1990s.
 
�            Orig­i­nal Scoo­by-Do illus­tra­tor, Iwao Takamo­to, got his start as a
teenage internee in a Japan­ese intern­ment camp dur­ing World War II.
Before illus­trat­ing Scoo­by-Do, Takamo­to worked for Walt Dis­ney.
 
�       The 2019 remake of The Lion King is cur­rent­ly list­ed as the high­est-
gross­ing ani­mat­ed film of all time, with a world­wide gross of
$1,657,713,459.
 
�            Walt Dis­ney built an empire based on Mick­ey Mouse and Don­ald
Duck, but what about Oswald the Lucky Rab­bit? Dis­ney cre­at­ed
Oswald, which was a very Felix­esque-look­ing rab­bit, in 1927 and was
the first of many suc­cess­ful char­ac­ters for the ani­ma­tor.
 
�            Roto­scop­ing is anoth­er ear­ly method of ani­ma­tion that involves
putting images onto glass pan­els. The equip­ment used to do this is
called a roto­scope, which was invent­ed by Max Fleis­ch­er around
1915. Roto­scop­ing is still occa­sion­al­ly used.
 
�            The 2019 ver­sion of The Lion King also takes the top spot for the
most expen­sive ani­mat­ed film ever made, at a whop­ping $260 bil­lion,
tying with the 2010 film, Tan­gled. That’s a lot of pen­cils and erasers!
 
�            Per­haps the most influ­en­tial ani­mat­ed film of all time is the 1988
Japan­ese film, Aki­ra. Aki­ra was based on a dystopi­an cyber-punk
man­ga series that has since influ­enced many books, films, and TV
shows.
 
�       The 1995 film Toy Sto­ry is gen­er­al­ly thought to be the first “clas­sic”
ani­mat­ed film using CGI. After Toy Sto­ry, most ani­mat­ed films have
used CGI.
 
�            Before TV or even film, there were com­ic strips. Com­ic strips first
became pop­u­lar in Amer­i­can news­pa­pers in the late 1800s and remain
a sta­ple in news­pa­pers that still actu­al­ly do print edi­tions today.
 
�            Ani­ma­tors William Han­na and Joseph Bar­bera first start­ed work­ing
togeth­er at MGM in the 1930s before form­ing Han­na-Bar­bera Inc. in
1959. They went on to cre­ate The Flint­stones, The Jet­sons, Scoo­by-
Do and many oth­er suc­cess­ful series.
 
�       The Looney Tunes ani­mat­ed short film series ran from 1930 to 1969,
mak­ing char­ac­ters such as Bugs Bun­ny, Sylvester, Daffy Duck, and
Porky Pig house­hold names. Warn­er Broth­ers revived the series on
HBO Max in 2020.
 
�            E.C. Segar was ahead of the times when he cre­at­ed the ani­mat­ed
char­ac­ter, Pop­eye, in 1929. Still, Pop­eye is con­sid­ered too “alpha” for
today so good luck find­ing him on reruns.
 
�            Artist Matt Furie cre­at­ed the Pepe the Frog char­ac­ter in 2005, but
mem­bers of the Alt-Right used the frog as an inter­net meme in the
2010s. Pepe’s cur­rent sta­tus is in lim­bo!
 
�            Accord­ing to Iwao Takamo­to, he was told by his boss, William
Bar­bera, to make Scoo­by-Doo a Great Dane, but instead, he decid­ed
“to go the oppo­site” by mak­ing him look sil­ly.
 
�            Broad­ly speak­ing, “ani­me” is any type of Japan­ese ani­ma­tion.
Although the style is usu­al­ly man­ga-based, it is much broad­er. In
2016, Japan­ese ani­me com­prised 60% of the world’s ani­mat­ed TV
shows.