You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

REBELS AND REVOLUTIONARIES
 
�       Rev­o­lu­tions are often defined as sud­den, major changes. Rev­o­lu­tions
can be polit­i­cal, social, or even tech­no­log­i­cal and can hap­pen
any­where, although they are most com­mon in the mod­ern era.
 
�            The “Neolith­ic Rev­o­lu­tion” describes the tran­si­tion humans made
from a hunter and gath­er­er exis­tence to domes­tic agri­cul­ture and a
seden­tary exis­tence after 10,000 BCE.
 
�            Polit­i­cal rev­o­lu­tions in the mod­ern sense were quite rare in the
ancient and medieval eras, although coup d’é­tats, assas­si­na­tions, and
palace revolts were com­mon in some cul­tures.
 
�       The term gueril­la is derived from the French or the Span­ish word for
war, guerre/guerra. It began to be used to describe those who engaged
in asym­met­ri­cal or irreg­u­lar war­fare dur­ing the Napoleon­ic Wars in
the ear­ly 1800s.
 
�       A civ­il war gen­er­al­ly involves fac­tions fight­ing with­in a coun­try for
con­trol, or to sep­a­rate and form their own coun­tries. Polit­i­cal
rev­o­lu­tions gen­er­al­ly aim to over­throw the exist­ing polit­i­cal
estab­lish­ment.
 
�       The Amer­i­can Rev­o­lu­tion (1775–1783) is viewed by some his­to­ri­ans
as more of a civ­il war than a rev­o­lu­tion because the gov­ern­ment in
Lon­don was nev­er threat­ened with replace­ment.
 
�       Mao Zedong came to pow­er after win­ning the Chi­nese Civ­il War in
1949. He then ini­ti­at­ed rev­o­lu­tion­ary polit­i­cal and social changes
dur­ing the Great Leap For­ward of 1958.
 
�       Thomas Paine was a true rev­o­lu­tion­ary among the more con­ser­v­a­tive
Amer­i­can Found­ing Fathers. His 1776 pam­phlet, Com­mon Sense,
called for Amer­i­can colonists to revolt against British rule.
 
�            The French Rev­o­lu­tion (1789–1799) was a true rev­o­lu­tion that
over­threw France’s monar­chy and insti­tut­ed sev­er­al social changes.
The rev­o­lu­tion also led to Napoleon com­ing to pow­er.
 
�            The Indus­tri­al Rev­o­lu­tion was a tech­no­log­i­cal and social rev­o­lu­tion
that began in Eng­land in the mid-1700s and con­tin­ued through the
1800s through­out the world. Steam pow­er was the hall­mark of this
rev­o­lu­tion.
 
�       Ernesto “Che” Gue­vara was a mid­dle-class Argen­tine who became a
full-time com­mu­nist gueril­la. He helped lead the suc­cess­ful Cuban
Rev­o­lu­tion in 1958 but was less suc­cess­ful lat­er, dying in Bolivia in
1967.
 
�            The Iran­ian Rev­o­lu­tion of 1978–1979 is also often known as the
“Islam­ic Rev­o­lu­tion.” It dif­fered from most oth­er mod­ern rev­o­lu­tions
because it was the­o­log­i­cal­ly based.
 
�       The exact time when the Dig­i­tal Rev­o­lu­tion began is open to debate,
but many point to the cre­ation of Apple Incor­po­rat­ed in 1976 as the
start.
 
�            Simon Boli­var (1783–1830) was South America’s George
Wash­ing­ton. Boli­var drove the Span­ish from north­ern South Amer­i­ca
to become the father of the nations of
Colom­bia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Pana­ma, Peru, and Bolivia.
 
�            “John­ny Reb” was the per­son­i­fi­ca­tion of the aver­age Con­fed­er­ate
sol­dier dur­ing the Amer­i­can Civ­il War. It could be both a slur and a
term of affec­tion.
 
�       The “Sex­u­al Rev­o­lu­tion” often refers to the peri­od in the late 1960s
and 1970s when promis­cu­ity, homo­sex­u­al­i­ty, pornog­ra­phy,
con­tra­cep­tion, and abor­tion were all legal­ized or nor­mal­ized in the
West.
 
�            Max­im­i­lien Robe­spierre (1758–1794) was a rad­i­cal leader of the
French Rev­o­lu­tion who ruled France from July 27, 1793, to July 28,
1794. He sent many peo­ple to the guil­lo­tine until he too final­ly lost
his head!      
 
�       In 1848 sev­er­al rev­o­lu­tions swept across Europe that end­ed absolute
monar­chy in many coun­tries. These were very mid­dle-class, or as
Marx said, “bour­geois rev­o­lu­tions.”
 
�            On March 16, 1917, the Russ­ian roy­al fam­i­ly was over­thrown in a
rev­o­lu­tion. Then on Novem­ber 7, 1917, the Bol­she­viks over­threw the
gov­ern­ment.  Final­ly, the Bol­she­viks won the Russ­ian Civ­il War on
June 16, 1923.
 
�            Texas became an inde­pen­dent coun­try under the lead­er­ship of Sam
Hous­ton in 1836. The Tex­an’s vic­to­ry over the Mex­i­can Army at San
Jac­in­to guar­an­teed their inde­pen­dence.
 
�            Agustin de Itur­bide led Mex­i­co in its war of inde­pen­dence against
Spain. He marched into Mex­i­co City on Sep­tem­ber 27, 1821 and
estab­lished an inde­pen­dent gov­ern­ment the next day.
 
�            Pol­ish dis­si­dent Lech Wałęsa led the Sol­i­dar­i­ty Move­ment in the
1980s, which influ­enced non-vio­lent dis­sent through­out com­mu­nist
East Europe. The dis­sent even­tu­al­ly led to the over­throw of
com­mu­nism in parts of East­ern Europe.
 
�            The Russ­ian rev­o­lu­tions are often referred to as the “Feb­ru­ary
Rev­o­lu­tion” and the “Octo­ber Rev­o­lu­tion.” This is because Rus­sia
was still on the Julian Cal­en­dar at the time.
 
�            Pan­cho Vil­la (1878–1923) was a lead­ing fig­ure in the Mex­i­can
Rev­o­lu­tion (1910–1920). He is best known north of the bor­der for his
raid on Colum­bus, New Mex­i­co on March 9, 1916.