You are being provided with a book chapter by chapter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chapter. After reading the chapter, 1. shorten the chapter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any important nouns in the chapter. 3. Do not translate the original language. 4. Keep the same style as the original chapter, keep it consistent throughout the chapter. Your reply must comply with all four requirements, or it’s invalid.
I will provide the chapter now.

REBELS AND REVOLUTIONARIES
 
       Revolutions are often defined as sudden, major changes. Revolutions
can be political, social, or even technological and can happen
anywhere, although they are most common in the modern era.
 
            The “Neolithic Revolution” describes the transition humans made
from a hunter and gatherer existence to domestic agriculture and a
sedentary existence after 10,000 BCE.
 
            Political revolutions in the modern sense were quite rare in the
ancient and medieval eras, although coup d’états, assassinations, and
palace revolts were common in some cultures.
 
       The term guerilla is derived from the French or the Spanish word for
war, guerre/guerra. It began to be used to describe those who engaged
in asymmetrical or irregular warfare during the Napoleonic Wars in
the early 1800s.
 
       A civil war generally involves factions fighting within a country for
control, or to separate and form their own countries. Political
revolutions generally aim to overthrow the existing political
establishment.
 
       The American Revolution (1775-1783) is viewed by some historians
as more of a civil war than a revolution because the government in
London was never threatened with replacement.
 
       Mao Zedong came to power after winning the Chinese Civil War in
1949. He then initiated revolutionary political and social changes
during the Great Leap Forward of 1958.
 
       Thomas Paine was a true revolutionary among the more conservative
American Founding Fathers. His 1776 pamphlet, Common Sense,
called for American colonists to revolt against British rule.
 
            The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a true revolution that
overthrew France’s monarchy and instituted several social changes.
The revolution also led to Napoleon coming to power.
 
            The Industrial Revolution was a technological and social revolution
that began in England in the mid-1700s and continued through the
1800s throughout the world. Steam power was the hallmark of this
revolution.
 
       Ernesto “Che” Guevara was a middle-class Argentine who became a
full-time communist guerilla. He helped lead the successful Cuban
Revolution in 1958 but was less successful later, dying in Bolivia in
1967.
 
            The Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979 is also often known as the
“Islamic Revolution.” It differed from most other modern revolutions
because it was theologically based.
 
       The exact time when the Digital Revolution began is open to debate,
but many point to the creation of Apple Incorporated in 1976 as the
start.
 
            Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was South America’s George
Washington. Bolivar drove the Spanish from northern South America
to become the father of the nations of
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Bolivia.
 
            “Johnny Reb” was the personification of the average Confederate
soldier during the American Civil War. It could be both a slur and a
term of affection.
 
       The “Sexual Revolution” often refers to the period in the late 1960s
and 1970s when promiscuity, homosexuality, pornography,
contraception, and abortion were all legalized or normalized in the
West.
 
            Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was a radical leader of the
French Revolution who ruled France from July 27, 1793, to July 28,
1794. He sent many people to the guillotine until he too finally lost
his head!      
 
       In 1848 several revolutions swept across Europe that ended absolute
monarchy in many countries. These were very middle-class, or as
Marx said, “bourgeois revolutions.”
 
            On March 16, 1917, the Russian royal family was overthrown in a
revolution. Then on November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the
government.  Finally, the Bolsheviks won the Russian Civil War on
June 16, 1923.
 
            Texas became an independent country under the leadership of Sam
Houston in 1836. The Texan’s victory over the Mexican Army at San
Jacinto guaranteed their independence.
 
            Agustin de Iturbide led Mexico in its war of independence against
Spain. He marched into Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and
established an independent government the next day.
 
            Polish dissident Lech Wałęsa led the Solidarity Movement in the
1980s, which influenced non-violent dissent throughout communist
East Europe. The dissent eventually led to the overthrow of
communism in parts of Eastern Europe.
 
            The Russian revolutions are often referred to as the “February
Revolution” and the “October Revolution.” This is because Russia
was still on the Julian Calendar at the time.
 
            Pancho Villa (1878-1923) was a leading figure in the Mexican
Revolution (1910-1920). He is best known north of the border for his
raid on Columbus, New Mexico on March 9, 1916.