You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

GAS, SOLID, AND LIQUID
 
 
�       71% of the Earth’s sur­face is cov­ered by water, with over 96% of that
in the oceans. Com­bined with the water under­ground and in the
atmos­phere, all of Earth’s water would cov­er 332,500,000 cubic
miles.
 
�            The ice­berg that the Titan­ic hit in 1912 came from Green­land and
was prob­a­bly thou­sands of years old, pos­si­bly 100,000 years old.
 
�            “Brack­ish water” refers to a body of water that has more salin­i­ty
(salt) than fresh­wa­ter, but less salt than sea­wa­ter. Any body of water
with a salt con­tent of greater than 30% is con­sid­ered to be salt water.
 
�            Although it was once believed that all water on Earth arrived via
comets and aster­oids more than four bil­lion years ago, many sci­en­tists
now believe that the release of hydro­gen inside the plan­et also played
a role.
 
�       Ice sculpt­ing is a pop­u­lar hob­by in many cold-weath­er regions. Tools
used range from ham­mers and chis­els to chain­saws.
 
�            Water is gen­er­al­ly a good con­duc­tor of elec­tric­i­ty, but that doesn’t
include pure water. Water only becomes a con­duc­tor when it dis­solves
sub­stances around it.
 
�            Water exists in three prop­er­ties — sol­id, gas, and liq­uid — but with­in
each prop­er­ty, it has mul­ti­ple forms. For exam­ple, ice, frost, and snow
are all dif­fer­ent forms of sol­id water.
 
�            An endorhe­ic lake is a lake with no out­let to larg­er bod­ies of water
and is usu­al­ly saline. The Caspi­an Sea is the world’s largest endorhe­ic
lake.
 
�       There are debates over the num­ber of Earth’s oceans. Some schol­ars
believe the Antarc­tic and Arc­tic oceans are out­lets of the Pacif­ic,
Atlantic, and Indi­an oceans.
 
�            Water has both cohe­sive and adhe­sive prop­er­ties. The cohe­sion
works by water being attract­ed to water, while the adhe­sion is how
water is attract­ed to oth­er sub­stances.
 
�       Lake Baikal in Siberia is the largest fresh­wa­ter lake in the world by
vol­ume, com­pris­ing 23% of the world’s fresh­wa­ter. But Lake
Supe­ri­or in the US and Cana­da is the largest in sur­face area, cov­er­ing
31,700 square miles.
 
�       The hydro­log­ic or water cycle has four pri­ma­ry stages: evap­o­ra­tion,
con­den­sa­tion, pre­cip­i­ta­tion, and runoff. There are sev­er­al sub-stages
with­in each of these.
 
�            The Jupiter moons of Ganymede, Europa, and Cal­lis­to, and the
Sat­urn moons of Ence­ladus and Titan are all thought to have oceans
beneath their sur­faces.
 
�       It seems coun­ter­in­tu­itive, but hot water freezes faster than cold water.
Tan­zan­ian game war­den, Eras­to Bartholomeo Mpem­ba, first not­ed the
“Mpem­ba effect” in 1963. Is the Mpem­ba effect true? Under our
def­i­n­i­tion of the Mpem­ba effect, akin to the def­i­n­i­tion in the ‘orig­i­nal’
paper by Mpem­ba & Osborne (in which they doc­u­ment­ed “the time
for water to start freez­ing”) we are forced to con­clude that the
‘Mpem­ba effect’ is not a gen­uine phys­i­cal effect and is a sci­en­tif­ic
fallacy.24 Nov 2016
 
�       On Jan­u­ary 12, 2007, a woman named Jen­nifer Strange died of water
intox­i­ca­tion after drink­ing near­ly two gal­lons of water as part of a
radio con­test, “Hold Your Wee for a Wii.” She didn’t win the prize.
 
�            The Ganges Riv­er in India is one of the most pol­lut­ed bod­ies of
water in the world thanks to nor­mal indus­tri­al pol­lu­tion, but also due
to human remains. Yes, the Ganges is a holy riv­er in Hin­duism where
human ash­es are dis­card­ed.
 
�            The Per­sian Gulf has been known as such for cen­turies but in the
1960s the Ara­bic-speak­ing nations that bor­der it began call­ing it the
“Ara­bi­an Gulf,” much to the cha­grin of Iran.
 
�       The size of the Great Salt Lake fluc­tu­ates quite a bit. In the 1980s, it
cov­ered more than 3,300 square miles, but in 2021 it reached a record
low point of 950 square miles.
 
�            Desali­na­tion is the process where­by saline (salt) is extract­ed from
water, leav­ing usable water and brine. The prin­ci­pal draw­back is that
it uses immense amounts of ener­gy.
 
�       Triple point is the state at which a sub­stance is sol­id, liq­uid and gas.
Water’s triple point is when its tem­per­a­ture is 32.018 °F and its
pres­sure is 611.657 pas­cals.