You are being provided with a book chapter by chapter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chapter. After reading the chapter, 1. shorten the chapter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any important nouns in the chapter. 3. Do not translate the original language. 4. Keep the same style as the original chapter, keep it consistent throughout the chapter. Your reply must comply with all four requirements, or it’s invalid.
I will provide the chapter now.

GAS, SOLID, AND LIQUID
 
 
       71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, with over 96% of that
in the oceans. Combined with the water underground and in the
atmosphere, all of Earth’s water would cover 332,500,000 cubic
miles.
 
            The iceberg that the Titanic hit in 1912 came from Greenland and
was probably thousands of years old, possibly 100,000 years old.
 
            “Brackish water” refers to a body of water that has more salinity
(salt) than freshwater, but less salt than seawater. Any body of water
with a salt content of greater than 30% is considered to be salt water.
 
            Although it was once believed that all water on Earth arrived via
comets and asteroids more than four billion years ago, many scientists
now believe that the release of hydrogen inside the planet also played
a role.
 
       Ice sculpting is a popular hobby in many cold-weather regions. Tools
used range from hammers and chisels to chainsaws.
 
            Water is generally a good conductor of electricity, but that doesn’t
include pure water. Water only becomes a conductor when it dissolves
substances around it.
 
            Water exists in three properties – solid, gas, and liquid – but within
each property, it has multiple forms. For example, ice, frost, and snow
are all different forms of solid water.
 
            An endorheic lake is a lake with no outlet to larger bodies of water
and is usually saline. The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest endorheic
lake.
 
       There are debates over the number of Earth’s oceans. Some scholars
believe the Antarctic and Arctic oceans are outlets of the Pacific,
Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
 
            Water has both cohesive and adhesive properties. The cohesion
works by water being attracted to water, while the adhesion is how
water is attracted to other substances.
 
       Lake Baikal in Siberia is the largest freshwater lake in the world by
volume, comprising 23% of the world’s freshwater. But Lake
Superior in the US and Canada is the largest in surface area, covering
31,700 square miles.
 
       The hydrologic or water cycle has four primary stages: evaporation,
condensation, precipitation, and runoff. There are several sub-stages
within each of these.
 
            The Jupiter moons of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto, and the
Saturn moons of Enceladus and Titan are all thought to have oceans
beneath their surfaces.
 
       It seems counterintuitive, but hot water freezes faster than cold water.
Tanzanian game warden, Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba, first noted the
“Mpemba effect” in 1963. Is the Mpemba effect true? Under our
definition of the Mpemba effect, akin to the definition in the ‘original’
paper by Mpemba & Osborne (in which they documented “the time
for water to start freezing”) we are forced to conclude that the
‘Mpemba effect’ is not a genuine physical effect and is a scientific
fallacy.24 Nov 2016
 
       On January 12, 2007, a woman named Jennifer Strange died of water
intoxication after drinking nearly two gallons of water as part of a
radio contest, “Hold Your Wee for a Wii.” She didn’t win the prize.
 
            The Ganges River in India is one of the most polluted bodies of
water in the world thanks to normal industrial pollution, but also due
to human remains. Yes, the Ganges is a holy river in Hinduism where
human ashes are discarded.
 
            The Persian Gulf has been known as such for centuries but in the
1960s the Arabic-speaking nations that border it began calling it the
“Arabian Gulf,” much to the chagrin of Iran.
 
       The size of the Great Salt Lake fluctuates quite a bit. In the 1980s, it
covered more than 3,300 square miles, but in 2021 it reached a record
low point of 950 square miles.
 
            Desalination is the process whereby saline (salt) is extracted from
water, leaving usable water and brine. The principal drawback is that
it uses immense amounts of energy.
 
       Triple point is the state at which a substance is solid, liquid and gas.
Water’s triple point is when its temperature is 32.018 °F and its
pressure is 611.657 pascals.