You are being provided with a book chapter by chapter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chapter. After reading the chapter, 1. shorten the chapter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any important nouns in the chapter. 3. Do not translate the original language. 4. Keep the same style as the original chapter, keep it consistent throughout the chapter. Your reply must comply with all four requirements, or it’s invalid.
I will provide the chapter now.

GARBAGE IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS
 
            WASH is an acronym for “water, sanitation, and hygiene.” It was
developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify
regions lacking basic services.
 
            “Waste management” is a euphemism that refers to the collection,
treatment, and disposal of waste (garbage). “Municipal solid waste”
refers to food and other garbage that’s collected and disposed of.
 
       Americans generally call it “garbage” or “trash,” but the British call
it “rubbish.” The Australians can call it any of those depending on the
situation.
 
            The Romans were the first people to build an extensive sewer
system. The Cloaca Maxima was the name of the sewer system that
ran under Rome and was built in the 6th century BCE.
 
       About 54% of the world’s population had access to proper sanitation
services in 2020, but that left more than 1.7 billion people without
private toilets.
 
       In 2016, 33% of all solid waste in the world was disposed of in open
dumps, while landfills comprise just over 25%. Recycling was
number three at 13.5%.
 
            Waste Management Inc. was the leading American waste
management company in 2021 with $14.5 billion in revenue and
42,300 employees. Trash is sure gold for this company. 
 
            President James Garfield was shot on July 2, 1881 but lingered for
weeks before dying on September 19. The bullet was the catalyst in
the assassination, but dirty hands and instruments played a role in his
ultimate demise.
 
       The omni processor is a machine that removes pathogens from poop.
Bill Gates believes in it so much he drank a glass of water that came
from one.
 
            Modern sanitation in all countries generally follows the same
process. Waste is first contained and then emptied by a sanitation
company or municipal authorities. It’s then transported and treated
where it is then either disposed of or recycled.
 
            The diseases and afflictions that poor sanitation can lead to include
diarrheal derived diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Typhoid,
intestinal worms, and even polio are some of the diseases, also
possible.
 
            Organized crime has been involved in the sanitation business in
many parts of the world. Experts cite the ease to enter the profession
and profits that can be made as among the reasons.
 
            Englishman Thomas Crapper (1836-1910) didn’t invent the toilet,
but he did improve plumbing by inventing the “U-bend” trap. It
prevents liquids and gasses from flowing back into the toilet. The
actual invention of the flush toilet can be traced back to a British man
named Sir John Harrington who, in 1596, devised a mechanism with a
cord that, when pulled, flushed away waste with a rush of water.
 
            The Apex Regional landfill in Las Vegas, Nevada is the largest
landfill in the world. Its trash sprawls over 2,200 acres and receives
more than 9,000 tons daily.
 
            Before the Romans, the people of the Indus Valley Civilization
(3,300-1,300 BCE) disposed of sewage through underground drains.
They weren’t as complex as what the Romans built, but they were the
first in the world.
 
       The average person will spend about one to one and a half years on
the toilet in a lifetime. Men spend more time on the throne than
women.
 
            About 494 million people still do their business in public. This
number includes those with no other options, not those walking home
from the bar on a Saturday night.
 
       If you’re an American or Canadian visiting Europe for the first time,
that thing next to the toilet isn’t a urinal, it’s a bidet. Bidets, similar to
a toilet bowl but shorter in height, are typically used to wash off
intimate areas after using the toilet.
 
            Landfills produce large amounts of methane gas. Properly managed
landfills gather the methane emissions to produce electricity, heat, and
fuel.
 
       “Garbology” is the study of garbage and sanitation. Developed by Dr.
William Rathje at the University of Arizona in 1973, it’s a multi-
discipline study that involves archeology, history, and sociology.