You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

GARBAGE IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS
 
�            WASH is an acronym for “water, san­i­ta­tion, and hygiene.” It was
devel­oped by the World Health Orga­ni­za­tion (WHO) to iden­ti­fy
regions lack­ing basic ser­vices.
 
�            “Waste man­age­ment” is a euphemism that refers to the col­lec­tion,
treat­ment, and dis­pos­al of waste (garbage). “Munic­i­pal sol­id waste”
refers to food and oth­er garbage that’s col­lect­ed and dis­posed of.
 
�       Amer­i­cans gen­er­al­ly call it “garbage” or “trash,” but the British call
it “rub­bish.” The Aus­tralians can call it any of those depend­ing on the
sit­u­a­tion.
 
�            The Romans were the first peo­ple to build an exten­sive sew­er
sys­tem. The Cloa­ca Max­i­ma was the name of the sew­er sys­tem that
ran under Rome and was built in the 6th cen­tu­ry BCE.
 
�       About 54% of the world’s pop­u­la­tion had access to prop­er san­i­ta­tion
ser­vices in 2020, but that left more than 1.7 bil­lion peo­ple with­out
pri­vate toi­lets.
 
�       In 2016, 33% of all sol­id waste in the world was dis­posed of in open
dumps, while land­fills com­prise just over 25%. Recy­cling was
num­ber three at 13.5%.
 
�            Waste Man­age­ment Inc. was the lead­ing Amer­i­can waste
man­age­ment com­pa­ny in 2021 with $14.5 bil­lion in rev­enue and
42,300 employ­ees. Trash is sure gold for this com­pa­ny. 
 
�            Pres­i­dent James Garfield was shot on July 2, 1881 but lin­gered for
weeks before dying on Sep­tem­ber 19. The bul­let was the cat­a­lyst in
the assas­si­na­tion, but dirty hands and instru­ments played a role in his
ulti­mate demise.
 
�       The omni proces­sor is a machine that removes pathogens from poop.
Bill Gates believes in it so much he drank a glass of water that came
from one.
 
�            Mod­ern san­i­ta­tion in all coun­tries gen­er­al­ly fol­lows the same
process. Waste is first con­tained and then emp­tied by a san­i­ta­tion
com­pa­ny or munic­i­pal author­i­ties. It’s then trans­port­ed and treat­ed
where it is then either dis­posed of or recy­cled.
 
�            The dis­eases and afflic­tions that poor san­i­ta­tion can lead to include
diar­rheal derived dis­eases such as cholera and dysen­tery. Typhoid,
intesti­nal worms, and even polio are some of the dis­eases, also
pos­si­ble.
 
�            Orga­nized crime has been involved in the san­i­ta­tion busi­ness in
many parts of the world. Experts cite the ease to enter the pro­fes­sion
and prof­its that can be made as among the rea­sons.
 
�            Eng­lish­man Thomas Crap­per (1836–1910) didn’t invent the toi­let,
but he did improve plumb­ing by invent­ing the “U‑bend” trap. It
pre­vents liq­uids and gasses from flow­ing back into the toi­let. The
actu­al inven­tion of the flush toi­let can be traced back to a British man
named Sir John Har­ring­ton who, in 1596, devised a mech­a­nism with a
cord that, when pulled, flushed away waste with a rush of water.
 
�            The Apex Region­al land­fill in Las Vegas, Neva­da is the largest
land­fill in the world. Its trash sprawls over 2,200 acres and receives
more than 9,000 tons dai­ly.
 
�            Before the Romans, the peo­ple of the Indus Val­ley Civ­i­liza­tion
(3,300–1,300 BCE) dis­posed of sewage through under­ground drains.
They weren’t as com­plex as what the Romans built, but they were the
first in the world.
 
�       The aver­age per­son will spend about one to one and a half years on
the toi­let in a life­time. Men spend more time on the throne than
women.
 
�            About 494 mil­lion peo­ple still do their busi­ness in pub­lic. This
num­ber includes those with no oth­er options, not those walk­ing home
from the bar on a Sat­ur­day night.
 
�       If you’re an Amer­i­can or Cana­di­an vis­it­ing Europe for the first time,
that thing next to the toi­let isn’t a uri­nal, it’s a bidet. Bidets, sim­i­lar to
a toi­let bowl but short­er in height, are typ­i­cal­ly used to wash off
inti­mate areas after using the toi­let.
 
�            Land­fills pro­duce large amounts of methane gas. Prop­er­ly man­aged
land­fills gath­er the methane emis­sions to pro­duce elec­tric­i­ty, heat, and
fuel.
 
�       “Gar­bol­o­gy” is the study of garbage and san­i­ta­tion. Devel­oped by Dr.
William Rath­je at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Ari­zona in 1973, it’s a mul­ti-
dis­ci­pline study that involves arche­ol­o­gy, his­to­ry, and soci­ol­o­gy.