You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

AMAZING ARCHITECTURE
 
�            Medieval Euro­pean cas­tles were improve­ments on ancient forts and
palaces. The Euro­pean cas­tle-build­ing era took place from about 1000
to the end of the 13th cen­tu­ry. Gun­pow­der and can­nons put an end to
the dom­i­nance of cas­tles.
 
�            Feng shui is the Chi­nese con­cept that attempts to har­mo­nize peo­ple
with their sur­round­ings. In Chi­na, it has played an impor­tant role in
the design of build­ings and struc­tures.
 
�            Archi­tec­ture refers to the plan­ning, design, and con­struc­tion of
build­ings. The open-end­ed def­i­n­i­tion can include any­thing from
Goth­ic cathe­drals to pub­lic toi­lets: if it requires plan­ning to build,
then it’s archi­tec­ture!
 
�       The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in Chi­na is cur­rent­ly list­ed as
the longest bridge in the world. The rail viaduct is an amaz­ing 102.4
miles long!
 
�            The Sum­mer Olympics award­ed medals for art from 1912 to 1948.
Along with lit­er­a­ture, music, paint­ing, and sculp­ture, medals were
award­ed for archi­tec­ture.
 
�            The Aqua Appia was the first aque­duct the Romans built in 312
BCE. The aque­duct brought about 2,600,000 cubic feet of water dai­ly
into Rome from 10.2 miles away.
 
�            Igloos are tra­di­tion­al snow huts built by the Inu­it peo­ple in parts of
Green­land and Nunavut. The largest igloos had five rooms and could
house up to 20 peo­ple.
 
�            Instead of using mor­tar to hold the brick walls of the build­ings in
place, Inca archi­tects in the city of Machu Pichu in the 1400s used
dif­fer­ent tech­niques. They fit­ted bricks by using their shapes, doors
were usu­al­ly trape­zoidal, and walls were con­nect­ed with “L” shaped
blocks.
 
�            The bar­rel vault was first devel­oped by the ancient Egyp­tians and
Mesopotami­ans, but the Romans used it much more exten­sive­ly,
which inspired lat­er vault designs in Europe.
 
�            Con­struc­tion of the Great Wall of Chi­na began under Emper­or Qin
Shi Huang (ca. 221–210 BCE). Most of what we see today, though,
was built dur­ing the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
 
�            Cincin­nati, Ohio has a lit­tle more than two miles of unused sub­way
tun­nels under its streets. Con­struc­tion began in the ear­ly 1900s but
per­ma­nent­ly end­ed dur­ing World War I.
 
�       The icon­ic Syd­ney Opera House was designed by a Dan­ish archi­tect
Jørn Oberg Utzon. He won a 1955 com­pe­ti­tion among 233 entries
from 28 coun­tries.
 
�            Amer­i­can Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) designed more than
1,000 build­ings and was the father of the “Prairie School” of
archi­tec­ture in the late 1880s and ear­ly 1900s. The style is known for
its flat lines that evoke the prairie.
 
�            Stilt hous­es are com­mon in regions prone to flood­ing and cyclones,
but on the Indone­sian island of Komo­do, they also pro­tect the locals
from the Komo­do drag­on!
 
�       Fer­di­nand Cheval (1836–1924) was a French mail­man who spent his
spare time build­ing his ide­al home, the “Ide­al Palace.” It took him 33
years to build the mas­ter­piece, but it still stands.
 
�       Third Amer­i­can Pres­i­dent Thomas Jef­fer­son was a true poly­math. He
knew sev­er­al lan­guages, excelled in busi­ness, was a sci­en­tist and
designed his Mon­ti­cel­lo plan­ta­tion in Vir­ginia.
 
�            Amer­i­can TV “super par­ent” char­ac­ters, Elyse Keaton on Fam­i­ly
Ties, and Mike Brady on The Brady Bunch, both worked as archi­tects.
 
�            The sky­scraper at 33 Thomas Street in Man­hat­tan looks more like
some­thing you would’ve found in the Sovi­et Union than in the US.
The 550-foot-tall build­ing is notable for not hav­ing any win­dows!
 
�            The Colos­se­um of Rome, which was com­plet­ed in CE 80, could
house 50,000 spec­ta­tors. There were 76 entrances and 160 pas­sages
and adjustable can­vas awnings.
 
�            The world’s tallest minaret is part of the Quwat al-Islam Mosque in
Del­hi, India. Work on the 228-foot-high sand­stone minaret start­ed in
the ear­ly 1200s.
 
�       The stat­ues on East­er Island, known as moai, were made from local­ly
quar­ried vol­canic tufa from about CE 1200 to 1500. The island was
defor­est­ed to make the stat­ues, par­tial­ly lead­ing to the society’s
decline.
 
�            “Bru­tal­ism” is an archi­tec­tur­al style that start­ed in the UK after
World War II. It empha­sizes util­i­ty and min­i­mal­ism, mak­ing it
pop­u­lar in com­mu­nist coun­tries dur­ing the Cold War.
 
�            The world’s tallest build­ing cur­rent­ly is the Burj Khal­i­fa in Dubai,
Unit­ed Arab Emi­rates. Built in 2010, the build­ing tow­ers 2,717 feet in
the air and has 163 floors.
 
�       Britain Kier­an O’Donnell designed the iKozie micro-home to com­bat
home­less­ness. The homes are portable and mea­sure only 186 square
feet.
 
�            Frank Lloyd Wright’s son, John, was also an archi­tect but he’s best
known as a toy inven­tor. Wright cre­at­ed Lin­coln Logs, which first hit
stores in 1918.