You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

THE EARTH IS ONE BIG ROCK
 
�       Geol­o­gy is the Earth sci­ence that stud­ies rocks and their com­po­si­tion
and changes that hap­pen but can also include liq­uids on the plan­et.
The study over­laps with many oth­ers.
 
�       Since the Earth is a sphere, depic­tions of it on flat maps result in the
poles being depict­ed abnor­mal­ly large. This type of map is called the
Mer­ca­tor pro­jec­tion.
 
�            The Earth’s rocks are divid­ed into three cat­e­gories: igneous,
seden­tary, and meta­mor­phic. Meta­mor­phic rocks are formed when
igneous, seden­tary, or old­er meta­mor­phic rocks are sub­ject­ed to
intense tem­per­a­tures or pres­sures.
 
�            Car­tog­ra­phy is the study of maps and the sci­ence of cre­at­ing them.
Mod­ern maps can be polit­i­cal, geo­log­i­cal, topo­graph­i­cal, or
mete­o­ro­log­i­cal­ly ori­en­tat­ed, just to name a few cat­e­gories. 
 
�            The Queen Char­lotte Fault in Cana­da and Alas­ka con­nects with the
Fair­weath­er Fault in Alas­ka to cre­ate an earth­quake zone that’s more
active than the noto­ri­ous San Andreas Fault. Alas­ka records more
earth­quakes than Cal­i­for­nia.
 
�            The lithos­phere is the crust and the upper man­tle of the Earth’s
sur­face. Geol­o­gists divide the lithos­phere into ocean­ic and con­ti­nen­tal
lithos­pheres.
 
�       In 1935, Charles Fran­cis Richter pre­sent­ed his “Richter scale” to the
sci­en­tif­ic com­mu­ni­ty to deter­mine the mag­ni­tude of earth­quakes. The
sys­tem has since been revised and renamed the local mag­ni­tude scale,
but it’s based on Richter’s work.
 
�            Igneous rocks are formed from mag­ma cool­ing in the Earth’s crust.
They make up about 90–95% of the Earth’s crust by vol­ume and about
15% of the land sur­face.
 
�            Sil­i­cates com­prise the major­i­ty of the Earth’s man­tle. The man­tle
com­pris­es 67% of the Earth’s mass, 84% of its vol­ume, and is 1,800
miles thick.
 
�            The New Madrid seis­mic zone extends from Missouri’s boot-heel
north into the south­ern tip of Illi­nois and south into north­east­ern
Arkansas for about 150 miles in total length.
 
�            The ear­li­est maps were actu­al­ly maps of the land of the after­life.
Coffins in ancient Egypt’s Mid­dle King­dom (ca. 2,055–1,650 BCE)
were paint­ed with schemat­ic depic­tions and the route the deceased
would take.
 
�       The moment mag­ni­tude scale is based on the Richter scale, although
it’s more pre­cise. It was pro­posed in 1979 by Thomas C.
Han­ks and Hiroo Kanamori.
 
�            The geo­log­i­cal the­o­ry of “plate tec­ton­ics” is that the Earth’s
lithos­phere is com­prised of sev­er­al, mov­ing mass­es known as tec­ton­ic
plates. The process began about 3.4 bil­lion years ago.
 
�       The “Hawaii hotspot” doesn’t refer to that state’s nice weath­er, but it
is a hotspot of vol­canic activ­i­ty. The USGS lists six active vol­canos
on the islands.
 
�       Lapis lazuli is a dark blue meta­mor­phic rock that is pri­mar­i­ly found
in Afghanistan but also in a few oth­er places in the world. It was
pop­u­lar in ancient jew­el­ry.
 
�            Sed­i­men­ta­ry rocks are formed when rocks, min­er­als, and organ­ic
mat­ter accu­mu­late and cement in lay­ers. About 8% of the Earth’s
crust is a sed­i­men­ta­ry rock.
 
�            The Great Chilean Earth­quake of 1960 is the most pow­er­ful
earth­quake ever record­ed. The quake mea­sured 9.4–9.6 on the
moment mag­ni­tude scale. The quake trig­gered a tsuna­mi and
mud­slides.
 
�            Sap­phire & Steel was a British 1980s sci-fi series about two ‘time
trav­el­ers’ played by Joan­na Lum­ley (Sap­phire) and David McCal­lum
(Steel). Oth­er char­ac­ters were also named after min­er­als.
 
�            Sci­en­tists believe that the next “super­con­ti­nent” to form will be the
com­bi­na­tion of Eura­sia and the Amer­i­c­as, which they already call
“Ama­sia.” Don’t wor­ry, though, this won’t hap­pen for about 200
mil­lion more years.
 
�       Basalt is the most com­mon igneous rock on Earth, com­pris­ing about
90% of all vol­canic rocks. It’s also the most com­mon rock on the
Earth’s crust.
 
�       The Greek geo­g­ra­ph­er, Ptole­my (ca. CE 100–170), made the first map
that showed the Earth as a sphere. He also includ­ed lon­gi­tude and