You are being pro­vid­ed with a book chap­ter by chap­ter. I will request you to read the book for me after each chap­ter. After read­ing the chap­ter, 1. short­en the chap­ter to no less than 300 words and no more than 400 words. 2. Do not change the name, address, or any impor­tant nouns in the chap­ter. 3. Do not trans­late the orig­i­nal lan­guage. 4. Keep the same style as the orig­i­nal chap­ter, keep it con­sis­tent through­out the chap­ter. Your reply must com­ply with all four require­ments, or it’s invalid.
I will pro­vide the chap­ter now.

LEECHES, ALLIGATOR DUNG, AND TAPEWORMS
 
�            Ancient Egypt­ian con­tra­cep­tion pre­scrip­tions includ­ed inject­ing a
mix­ture of “excre­ment of croc­o­dile mixed with sour milk” into the
vagi­na. I’m sure it worked, just not in the way intend­ed!
 
�       If you’re des­per­ate to lose weight, you can buy a pill that con­tains a
tape­worm egg. Experts warn that although these pills may con­tain
tape­worms, and you may lose weight, the risks far out­weigh any
ben­e­fits.
 
�            The idea of mag­net­ic ther­a­py is that mag­net­ic fields in the human
body can be manip­u­lat­ed to pre­vent or cure ill­ness­es. Believ­ers often
wear mag­net­ic rings or neck­laces.
 
�            The Marche des Feticheurs in Lome, Togo (aka The Akodes­sawa
Fetish Mar­ket) is the world’s largest voodoo mar­ket. You can buy
every­thing need­ed for tra­di­tion­al med­i­cine there, includ­ing croc­o­dile
skin and mon­key heads.
 
�       Milk­weed has a long his­to­ry of med­i­c­i­nal use through­out the world.
It’s been used to treat lesions and warts, but it can also be tox­ic.
 
�            Tra­di­tion­al Chi­nese med­i­cine holds that bear tes­ti­cles are an
aphro­disi­ac, and the dried sea­horse is sup­posed to help erec­tile
dys­func­tion as well as asth­ma, arthri­tis, and incon­ti­nence.
 
�            The pow­der of ground-up mum­mies was a med­ical pre­scrip­tion in
Europe and the Mid­dle East in the Mid­dle Ages. I guess that’s why
mum­mies are so rare today!
 
�       A fecal micro­bio­ta trans­plant (FMT) is lit­er­al­ly trans­fer­ring the poop
of a healthy per­son to a sick per­son. It’s used to treat clostrid­ioides
dif­fi­cile infec­tion.
 
�            “Trepan­ning” is the term for bor­ing a hole in a person’s head to
relieve pres­sure or alle­vi­ate some per­ceived dis­ease or ail­ment. The
ear­li­est known trepan­ning was done around 6,500 BCE in France.
 
�       “Blood­let­ting” was a com­mon med­ical treat­ment from ancient times
through the 19th cen­tu­ry. It involved cut­ting, pierc­ing, or using leech­es
(see below) to ensure “equi­lib­ri­um” of the body’s flu­ids.
 
�            The 16th-cen­tu­ry Chi­nese physi­cian, Li Shizhen, was cer­tain­ly a
genius, but his pre­scrip­tion for an abdom­i­nal mass on a child is
ques­tion­able: “boil rat meat until it is mushy and eat it like hav­ing
por­ridge.”
 
�            India is the site of the ear­li­est den­tistry. The peo­ple of the Indus
Val­ley Civ­i­liza­tion in India (3,200–1,900 BCE) prac­ticed den­tistry and
the ear­li­est tooth drilling took place even ear­li­er in India, around
7,000 BCE.
 
�       Bee ven­om ther­a­py is sim­ply allow­ing your­self to be stung by one or
sev­er­al bees. The painful prac­tice has been used to treat arthri­tis and
mul­ti­ple scle­ro­sis.
 
�            It’s esti­mat­ed that pop­u­la­tions in some coun­tries in Asia and Africa
rely on tra­di­tion­al med­i­cine for 80% of their health­care. This has led
some coun­tries to include tra­di­tion­al med­i­cine in med­ical school
cur­ric­u­la.
 
�            The first doc­tor to use anes­the­sia in Chi­na, and prob­a­bly the world
was Hua Tuo (AD 140–208). The med­i­cine was made from wine and
cannabis.
 
�            Dur­ing the 1800s, trav­el­ing mer­chants often sold “mir­a­cle ton­ics”
known as “snake oil.” Snake oil was usu­al­ly noth­ing more than
min­er­al oil with some com­mon addi­tives.
 
�       Hiru­dother­a­py is the med­ical prac­tice where­by leech­es are applied to
a person’s body to reduce swelling in the tis­sue. The leech­es also
release an anti­co­ag­u­lant called hirudin into the blood. The FDA
actu­al­ly approved this ther­a­py in 2004.
 
�            The ancient Indi­an physi­cian, Sushru­ta, wrote the San­skrit med­ical
text known as the Sushru­ta Samhi­ta in the 6th cen­tu­ry BCE. The book
iden­ti­fies ill­ness­es and treat­ments for them.
 
�       Anoth­er seem­ing­ly strange treat­ment the FDA approved in 2004 was
mag­got debride­ment ther­a­py (MDT). It turns out that mag­gots work
bet­ter than some treat­ments for clean­ing wounds!
 
�            “Cup­ping” is a prac­tice where a spe­cial­ist heats a cup or cups, and
then press­es them on the skin of the patient to “draw out” dis­eases.
 
�       The ancient Baby­lon­ian schol­ar, Esag­il-kin-apli, wrote a med­ical text
known as The Diag­nos­tic Hand­book between 1,067 and 1,046 BCE.
The text is an inter­est­ing blend of sci­ence and mag­ic.
 
�            In 1979, writer Nor­man Cousins claimed to have cured col­la­gen
dis­ease through a reg­i­men of laugh­ter. It’s no laugh­ing mat­ter that he
was cured.
 
�       Insulin coma/shock ther­a­py was a treat­ment where patients would be
giv­en an over­dose of insulin, putting them into a tem­po­rary coma. It
was often used to treat schiz­o­phre­nia.
 
�       The Aztecs were war­rior peo­ple who devel­oped med­i­cines that suit­ed
them. They knew how to set the bro­ken bones of their war­riors and
sutured instead of cau­ter­iz­ing wounds.
 
�            In South Africa, six out of eight med­ical schools teach ele­ments of
tra­di­tion­al and alter­na­tive med­i­cine along­side the stan­dard med
school cur­ricu­lum.
OceanofPDF.com
ALL ABOUT ENERGY
 
�            Nat­ur­al gas is the lead­ing source of elec­tri­cal pow­er in the US. In
2021, nat­ur­al gas was the source of about 38% of the country’s pow­er
and was the top source in 19 states.
 
�            Mod­ern “wind­mills” are so much more com­plex than they were in
the days of Don Quixote. Wind tur­bines can be 300 feet tall and have
as many as 3,000 parts.
 
�       “Bio­mass” refers to any plant-based mate­r­i­al that can be used as fuel.
This can include wood for fires, wood pel­lets, bio­fu­els, and even
ani­mal and human poo (remem­ber methane?).
 
�       When NASA launched the Van­guard 1 satel­lite on March 17, 1958, it
was the first satel­lite to use solar elec­tric pow­er. It’s still orbit­ing the
Earth!
 
�            Oil accounts for about 39% of ener­gy con­sump­tion in the world.
Many devel­op­ing coun­tries use oil as a source of elec­tri­cal pow­er and
indus­tri­al nations use it for their vehi­cles.
 
�            Bio­fu­els are fuels pro­duced from plant-based mate­ri­als. Ethanol is
bio­fu­el com­mon­ly made from sug­ar­cane or corn to pro­duce fuel for
auto­mo­biles. It’s often mixed with stan­dard gaso­line.
 
�            Coal has dra­mat­i­cal­ly declined as a source of elec­tric­i­ty in the US
since the ear­ly 2000s. Still, in 2019, it was the source of about 19% of
pow­er in the US.
 
�            Renew­able ener­gy refers to any ener­gy source that can be nat­u­ral­ly
replen­ished. Solar, wind, hydro, and bio­fu­el are all forms of
renew­able ener­gy.
 
�            The largest pow­er out­age, or “black­out”, in his­to­ry was the 2012
Indi­an black­outs that affect­ed 620 mil­lion peo­ple on July 30–31, 2012.
India also holds the sec­ond spot for its 2001 black­out.
 
�            Although green ini­tia­tives have increased the use of solar pow­er, it
still only accounts for .003% of glob­al ener­gy con­sump­tion.
 
�       The first car that could run entire­ly on ethanol was the Fiat 147, sold
in Brazil in 1978. Brazil has since led the world in the pro­duc­tion of
bio­fu­els.
 
�            Steam-pow­ered engines spread across Europe after Eng­lish­man
Thomas New­comen invent­ed the first fuel-burn­ing engine in 1712 and
Scot­tish sci­en­tist James Watt invent­ed the Watt steam engine in 1776.
 
�       There are argu­ments over what’s the least effi­cient source of pow­er -
either coal or solar. But no one denies that nuclear is the most
effi­cient source of pow­er.
 
�            Air con­di­tion­ing units account for the most elec­tric­i­ty in Amer­i­can
homes. It’s fol­lowed close­ly by heat­ing, space and water, and lights.
 
�       Nuclear pow­er is by far the largest source of elec­tric­i­ty in France, at
over 70%. The US still pro­duces more nuclear pow­er, although it’s
third in over­all Amer­i­can elec­tric­i­ty pro­duc­tion at 19%.
 
�            “Cold fusion” is the process of doing a nuclear reac­tion at room
tem­per­a­ture. Although only the­o­ret­i­cal, cold fusion could poten­tial­ly
be the cheap­est and most effi­cient form of ener­gy on the plan­et.
 
�            In 2020, renew­able ener­gy sources com­bined for 12% of all US
ener­gy con­sump­tion. Bio­mass com­bined for 39% of that total.
 
�            PetroChi­na is the largest pro­duc­er of oil and gas in Asia. The US-
based ener­gy com­pa­ny, Exxon, is the top ener­gy com­pa­ny in the
world in mar­ket cap­i­tal­iza­tion.