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INDEX
The page num­bers in this index refer to the print­ed ver­sion of this book. To find the cor­re­spond­ing
loca­tions in the text of this dig­i­tal ver­sion, please use the “search” func­tion on your e‑reader. Note
that not all terms may be search­able.
Page num­bers in ital­ics refer to illus­tra­tions.
aban­don­ment, 140, 141, 150, 179, 301, 304, 327, 340, 350
Abil­i­fy, 37, 101, 226
ACE (Adverse Child­hood Expe­ri­ences) study, 85, 144–48, 156, 347, 350–51
acetyl­choline, 266
acu­pres­sure, 264–65, 410n–11n
acupunc­ture, 231, 410n–11n
addic­tion, see sub­stance abuse
addic­tive behav­iors, 288–89
see also spe­cif­ic behav­iors
ADHD (atten­tion deficit hyper­ac­tiv­i­ty dis­or­der), 107, 136, 150, 310, 322
ado­les­cent behav­ior prob­lems, child-care­giv­er rela­tion­ship as pre­dic­tor of, 160–61
adren­a­line, 46, 61, 77, 176, 225
Aeschy­lus, 332
Afghanistan War:
deaths in, 348
vet­er­ans of, 222–23, 229, 332
agency, sense of, 95–98, 331, 355
as lack­ing in child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 113
Ainsworth, Mary, 115
Ajax (Sopho­cles), 332
alco­holism, 146
alex­ithymia, 98–99, 247, 272–73, 291, 319
All Qui­et on the West­ern Front (Remar­que), 171, 186
alpha-theta train­ing, 321, 326
alpha waves, 314–15, 321, 326, 417n
Amer­i­can Acad­e­my of Pedi­atrics, 348
Amer­i­can Col­lege of Neu­ropsy­chophar­ma­col­o­gy (ACNP), 29, 33
Amer­i­can Coun­sel­ing Asso­ci­a­tion, 165, 393n
Amer­i­can Jour­nal of Psy­chi­a­try, 27, 140, 164
Amer­i­can Psy­chi­atric Asso­ci­a­tion (APA):
devel­op­men­tal trau­ma dis­or­der diag­no­sis reject­ed by, 149, 158–59, 166
PTSD rec­og­nized by, 19
see also Diag­nos­tic and Sta­tis­ti­cal Man­u­al of Men­tal Dis­or­ders (DSM)
Amer­i­can Psy­cho­log­i­cal Asso­ci­a­tion, 165, 393n
amne­sia, 179, 183
dis­so­cia­tive, 190
see also repressed mem­o­ry
amyg­dala, 33, 35, 42, 68–69, 301
bal­ance between MPFC and, 62–64
fight/flight response and, 60–61, 61, 247, 265, 408n
mind­ful­ness and, 209–10
Anda, Robert, 144, 148
androstene­dione, 163
anes­the­sia aware­ness, 196–99
Angell, Mar­cia, 374n–75n
Angelou, Maya, 356
ani­mals, in trau­ma ther­a­py, 80, 150–51, 213
anorex­ia ner­vosa, 98–99
ante­ri­or cin­gu­late, 91, 91, 254, 376n, 387n
Antho­ny (trau­ma sur­vivor), 150
anti­con­vul­sant drugs, 225
anti­de­pres­sants, 35, 37, 136, 146, 225
see also spe­cif­ic drugs
antipsy­chot­ic drugs, 27–29, 101, 136, 224, 225–27
chil­dren and, 37–38, 226
PTSD and, 226–27
see also spe­cif­ic drugs
anx­i­ety, 150
ARC (attach­ment, self-reg­u­la­tion, com­pe­ten­cy) mod­el, 401n
Archimedes, 92
arousal, 56, 107, 153, 165
flash­backs and, 42–43, 196–97
in infants, 84, 113, 121, 161
mem­o­ry and, 175–76
neu­ro­feed­back and, 326
PTSD and, 157, 326
reg­u­la­tion of, 77–79, 113, 160, 161, 205–8
sex­u­al, 94, 108
SNS and, 77
sooth­ing and, 113
yoga and, 270
see also threat, hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to
art, trau­ma recov­ery and, 242–43
asanas, 270, 272
Assault, The (film), 375
ath­let­ics, 349, 355
Ati­van, 225
attach­ment, 109–11, 113, 128–29, 210, 213, 318, 401n
anx­ious (ambiva­lent), 116, 117
avoidant, 116, 117
as basic instinct, 115
ongo­ing need for, 114–15
resilience and, 161
in rhe­sus mon­keys, 153–54
secure, 115–16, 117, 154–55
attach­ment, dis­or­ga­nized, 117, 166, 381n
long-term effects of, 119–21
psy­chi­atric and phys­i­o­log­i­cal prob­lems from, 118
socioe­co­nom­ic stress and, 117–18
trau­ma and, 118–19
trau­ma­tized par­ents as con­trib­u­tors to, 118
attach­ment dis­or­der, 282
atten­tion deficit dis­or­der (ADD), 151
atten­tion deficit hyper­ac­tiv­i­ty dis­or­der (ADHD), 107, 136, 150
attrac­tors, 32
attune­ment, emo­tion­al, 111–14, 117, 118, 122, 161, 213, 215, 354
lack of, dis­so­ci­a­tion and, 121–22
in rela­tion­ships, 210
Auden, W. H., 125
Auer­hahn, Nanette C., 372n
Auschwitz con­cen­tra­tion camp, 195
auto­bi­o­graph­i­cal self, 236
autoim­mune dis­ease, 291–92
Automa­tisme psy­chologique, L’ (Janet), 178
auto­nom­ic ner­vous sys­tem (ANS), 60, 63–64, 77, 80, 225, 266–67
bal­ance (pro­pri­o­cep­tive) sys­tem, 247
Bal­ti­more, Md., home-vis­i­ta­tion pro­gram in, 167
basal gan­glia, 254
Bas­ti­aans, Jan, 223
Beebe, Beat­rice, 109, 118
Beech­er, Hen­ry K., 32–33
befriend­ing one’s body, 96, 100–101, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75, 354
ben­zo­di­azepines, 225, 227
Berg­er, Hans, 310
beta waves, 314, 322, 417n
binge eat­ing, 120
Bion, Wil­fred, 109
bipo­lar dis­or­der, 136, 151, 226
Blaustein, Mar­garet, 351, 401n
Bleuler, Eugen, 24–25
blood pres­sure, 46, 61, 66
body:
befriend­ing of, 96, 100–101, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75, 354
islands of safe­ty in, 245, 275
self-aware­ness of, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 382n
body-brain con­nec­tions, 74–86, 381n
body func­tions, brain stem reg­u­la­tion of, 56, 94–95, 266
body ther­a­pies, 3, 26, 72, 86, 89, 207–8, 215–17, 228–29, 245
see also spe­cif­ic ther­a­pies
bor­der­line per­son­al­i­ty dis­or­der (BPD), child­hood trau­ma and, 138–41
Bowl­by, John, 109–11, 114, 115, 121, 140–41, 232
brain:
bod­i­ly needs and, 55
cog­ni­tive, see ratio­nal brain
default state net­work (DSN) in, 90
elec­tro­phys­i­ol­o­gy of, 310–12, 328–29
left vs. right sides of, 44–45, 298
mid­line (“Mohawk”) struc­tures of, 90–91, 91, 376n
old, see emo­tion­al brain
sen­so­ry infor­ma­tion orga­nized by, 55, 60
sur­vival as basic job of, 55, 94
trau­ma and changes to, 2–3, 21, 59, 347
tri­une mod­el of, 59, 64
warn­ing sys­tems in, 55
see also spe­cif­ic regions
brain scans, 21
of PTSD patients, 102, 347, 408n
of trau­ma sur­vivors, 39–47, 42, 66, 68–70, 68, 71–72, 72, 82, 99–100, 319
brain stem (rep­til­ian brain), 55–56, 59, 60, 63, 176
basic body func­tions reg­u­lat­ed by, 56, 94–95, 266
freeze response gen­er­at­ed by, 83
self-aware­ness and, 93–94
see also emo­tion­al brain
brain waves, 321
alpha, 315, 321, 326, 417n
beta, 314, 322, 417n
com­bat and, 324
delta, 320
dream­ing and, 321
theta, 321, 326, 417n
of trau­ma sur­vivors, 311–12, 311, 320
breath­ing:
ANS reg­u­la­tion through, 64
in fight/flight response, 61
HRV and, 267
ther­a­peu­tic, 72, 131, 207, 208, 245, 268–69
in yoga (pranaya­ma), 86, 270
Breuer, Josef, 181–82, 194, 231, 246
British Gen­er­al Staff, shell-shock diag­no­sis reject­ed by, 185
British Psy­cho­log­i­cal Soci­ety, 165
Broca’s area, 43, 44, 45, 408n
Brodmann’s area 19, 44
Buchen­wald con­cen­tra­tion camp, 43
bulim­ia, 34, 98–99, 286, 287
calm­ing and relax­ation tech­niques, 131, 203–4
see also breath­ing; mind­ful­ness; yoga
can­cer, 267
Can­non, Katie, 184
care­givers:
attune­ment of infants and, 111–13, 117, 118
children’s loy­al­ty to, 133, 386n
children’s rela­tion­ships with, as pre­dic­tor of ado­les­cent behav­ior, 160–61
infants’ bonds with, 109–11, 113, 128–29
inse­cure attach­ments with, 115–16
as source of children’s dis­tress, 116–17
trau­ma­tized, and dis­or­ga­nized attach­ment in chil­dren, 118
cata­to­nia, 23
Catholic Church, pedophile scan­dals in, 171–75, 183, 190, 191
CBT, see cog­ni­tive behav­ioral ther­a­py (CBT)
CD45 cells, 127
Celexa, 35, 254
Cen­ters for Dis­ease Con­trol and Pre­ven­tion (CDC), 1, 144
Chang, C.-C., 22
Char­cot, Jean-Mar­tin, 177–78, 178, 182, 184
Chem­tob, Claude, 119
child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 123–35, 351
agency, sense of, as lack­ing in, 113
arousal in, 161
attach­ment cop­ing styles in, 114–20
atten­tion and con­cen­tra­tion prob­lems in, 158, 166, 245–46, 328
bor­der­line per­son­al­i­ty dis­or­der and, 138–41
dis­or­ga­nized attach­ment in, 118–19, 166
dys­reg­u­la­tion in, 158, 161, 166
high-risk behav­ior in, 120, 134, 147
home-vis­i­ta­tion pro­gram for, 167
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 158, 161, 310, 328
increased risk of rape and domes­tic abuse in, 85, 146–47
inhi­bi­tion of curios­i­ty in, 141, 350
inter­nal world maps of, 127–30
loy­al­ty to care­givers of, 133
mis­di­ag­no­sis of, 136–48, 150, 151, 157, 226, 282
numb­ing in, 279
rage in, 304
rela­tion­ship dif­fi­cul­ties of, 158
safe­ty, sense of, as lack­ing in, 141, 213, 301, 317
school prob­lems of, 146, 158, 161
schools as resources for, 351–56
self-harm­ing in, 141, 158
self-hatred in, 158, 279
sense of com­pe­tence lack­ing in, 166, 350
social engage­ment and, 161
social sup­port for, 167–68, 350
sub­stance abuse by, 146, 151
sui­ci­dal behav­ior in, 141, 146
tem­po­ral lobe abnor­mal­i­ties in, 416n
trust as dif­fi­cult for, 141, 158, 340
see also devel­op­men­tal trau­ma dis­or­der (DTS)
child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, of emo­tion­al abuse and neglect:
aban­don­ment of, 141, 304, 327, 340
deper­son­al­iza­tion in, 72
numb­ing in, 87–89
preva­lence of, 20–21
psy­chother­a­py of, 296–97
Sandy as, 97
self-harm­ing in, 87, 88
self-respect lack­ing in, 304
sense of safe­ty lack­ing in, 296–97
sub­mis­sive­ness in, 97, 218
sub­stance abuse by, 327
sui­ci­dal behav­ior in, 88, 290
trust as dif­fi­cult for, 150
child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, of sex­u­al abuse and fam­i­ly vio­lence:
dis­so­ci­a­tion in, 132–33, 162, 172, 265, 316, 329
flash­backs of, 20, 131, 135, 172, 173
“hal­lu­ci­na­tions” in, 25
help­less­ness of, 131, 133–34, 211, 265, 289–90
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 17, 143
of incest, see incest sur­vivors
inco­her­ent sense of self in, 166
inti­ma­cy as dif­fi­cult for, 143
iso­la­tion of, 131
legal cas­es involv­ing, 174–75, 183, 190
Lisa as, 316–18, 325, 329
loy­al­ty to care­givers of, 386n
Mag­gie as, 250–51
Maria as, 300–304
Mar­i­lyn as, 123–35, 289
Mary as, 130, 277–78
night­mares of, 20, 134–35
numb­ing in, 124, 265–66
obe­si­ty in, 144, 147, 266
preva­lence of, 1, 11, 20–21
pub­lic acknowl­edg­ment of, 189
rage in, 285
repressed mem­o­ries in, 190
seizures in, 172, 174
self-blame in, 131
self-deceit in, 2, 23–24
self-harm­ing in, 20, 25, 141, 172, 264, 316, 317
self-hatred in, 134, 143
shame in, 13–14, 67, 132, 174
sub­stance abuse by, 327
sui­ci­dal behav­ior in, 141, 147, 150–51, 286, 287, 316
TAT test and, 106–7
trust as dif­fi­cult for, 134
chil­dren:
abuse of, as most cost­ly pub­lic health issue, 148, 149–50
antipsy­chot­ic drugs pre­scribed to, 37–38, 226
attach­ment in, see attach­ment
care­givers’ rela­tion­ships with, as pre­dic­tor of ado­les­cent behav­ior, 160–61
inter­nal world maps of, 109, 127, 129
loy­al­ty to care­givers of, 133
see also infants
Children’s Clin­ic (MMHC), 105–9, 111, 121
Child Sex­u­al Abuse Accom­mo­da­tion Syn­drome, The (Sum­mit), 131, 136
Chi­na, tra­di­tion­al med­i­cine in, 207
chlor­pro­mazine (Tho­razine), 22–23
chron­ic fatigue syn­drome, 330
cloni­dine, 225
Clozaril, 28
cog­ni­tive behav­ioral ther­a­py (CBT), 182, 230–31, 246, 292
in treat­ment of PTSD, 194, 220–21
Cole­man, Kevin, 336, 342, 344
col­lapse, see freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion)
com­bat:
brain waves and, 324
see also PTSD (post­trau­mat­ic stress dis­or­der), of com­bat vet­er­ans
com­mu­ni­ty, men­tal health and, 38, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355
Com­mu­ni­ty Men­tal Health Act (1963), 373n
com­pe­tence, sense of, 166, 341
Com­pre­hen­sive Text­book of Psy­chi­a­try (Freed­man and Kaplan), 20, 188–89
con­duct dis­or­der, 282, 392n
con­flict:
as cen­tral to the­ater, 335
trau­ma sur­vivors’ fear of, 335
con­scious­ness, see self
Cope, Stephen, 123, 230, 263, 272
cor­ti­cal net­works, local, 417n
cor­ti­sol, 30, 61, 154, 162, 223
Count­way Library of Med­i­cine, 11, 24
cre­ativ­i­ty, see imag­i­na­tion
Cum­mings, Adam, 155
cum­mings, e. e., 122
Cym­bal­ta, 35, 37
Dalai Lama, 79
Dama­sio, Anto­nio, 93, 94–95, 382n
dance:
in trau­ma recov­ery, 242–43, 355
see also rhyth­mic move­ment
Dar­win, Charles, 74–76, 75, 77
Daubert hear­ings, 174–75
Dece­ty, Jean, 222
default state net­work (DSN), 90
Defense Depart­ment, U.S., 156, 224, 226–27, 332
Phar­ma­coeco­nom­ic Cen­ter of, 224
defense mech­a­nisms, sus­pen­sion of, in inti­mate rela­tion­ships, 84–85
Del­bo, Char­lotte, 195
delta waves, 320
Demen­tia Prae­cox (Bleuler), 24–25
denial, 46, 291
Denial: A Mem­oir (Stern), 7
deper­son­al­iza­tion, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 386n, 401n
depres­sion, 136, 150, 162, 225
chem­istry of, 26, 29
dere­al­iza­tion, 401n
desen­si­ti­za­tion ther­a­pies, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23
devel­op­men­tal psy­chopathol­o­gy, 2
devel­op­men­tal trau­ma dis­or­der (DTS; pro­posed), 166–68
APA’s rejec­tion of, 149, 158–59, 166
cri­te­ria for, 158, 359–62
see also child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors
Dewey, Kip­py, 337
diag­no­sis, def­i­n­i­tion of, 137–38
diag­no­sis, psy­chi­atric, child­hood trau­ma as mis­un­der­stood in, 136–48
Diag­nos­tic and Sta­tis­ti­cal Man­u­al of Men­tal Dis­or­ders (DSM), 29, 137
arbi­trari­ness of, 323
child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors ignored by, 143
DSM-III, 29, 137, 142, 156, 190
DSM-IV, 143
DSM‑5, 159, 164–66, 329, 393n
reli­a­bil­i­ty issues in, 164–65
social cau­sa­tion ignored in, 165
dialec­ti­cal behav­ior ther­a­py (DBT), 262, 270
Dia­mond, Adele, 418n
dis­rup­tive mood dys­reg­u­la­tion dis­or­der, 157, 393n
dis­so­ci­a­tion, 66–68, 95, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 317–18, 401n
mater­nal mis­at­tune­ment and, 121–22, 286
neu­ro­feed­back and, 318
in sex­u­al abuse sur­vivors, 132–33, 162, 172, 265, 316, 329
dis­so­cia­tive amne­sia, 190
dis­so­cia­tive iden­ti­ty dis­or­der (DID), 277–78
Doer­ries, Bryan, 332
domes­tic vio­lence, 1, 11, 23–24
deaths from, 348
increased inci­dence of, in sur­vivors of child­hood abuse, 85, 146–47
repressed mem­o­ry and, 190
vic­tims’ loy­al­ty to abusers in, 133
vic­tims’ sub­mis­sive­ness in, 218
dopamine, 29, 226
dor­sal vagal com­plex (DVC), 82, 82, 83
dor­so­lat­er­al pre­frontal cor­tex (DLPFC), 68–69, 376n
dream­ing, 260–61, 308, 309–10, 321
drum­ming, 86, 208
Duffy, Frank, 328
Dunkirk evac­u­a­tion, repressed mem­o­ry and, 189–90
dys­func­tion­al think­ing, 246
ecsta­sy (MDMA), 223–24
edu­ca­tion sys­tem:
cut­ting of social engage­ment pro­grams in, 349
inat­ten­tion to emo­tion­al brain in, 86
as resources for child­hood trau­ma recov­ery, 351–56
EEGs (elec­troen­cephalo­grams), 309–11, 320, 321
Effex­or, 225
Ekman, Paul, 74
Eli Lil­ly, 34–35
El Sis­tema, 355
EMDR, see eye move­ment desen­si­ti­za­tion and repro­cess­ing (EMDR)
Emer­son, David, 269
emo­tion­al brain, 54, 57, 62, 63, 176, 226, 265
bal­ance between ratio­nal brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
befriend­ing of, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75
edu­ca­tion system’s inat­ten­tion to, 86
inner world map encod­ed in, 129
medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex and, 206, 206, 236, 353
phys­i­cal man­i­fes­ta­tions of trau­ma in, 204–5
Emo­tion­al Free­dom Tech­nique (EFT), 264–65
emo­tion­al intel­li­gence, 354
emo­tions:
artic­u­la­tion of, 232–34
calm­ing effect of phys­i­cal activ­i­ty on, 88
fear of, in trau­ma sur­vivors, 335
phys­i­cal expres­sion of, 74–76, 75, 78
reg­u­la­tion of, see self-reg­u­la­tion
in ther­a­peu­tic the­ater, 335, 344–45
vagus nerve and, 76, 78, 80–82, 81
writ­ing and, 238–42
empa­thy, 58–60, 111–12, 161
endocrine sys­tem, 56
endor­phins, 32
epi­ge­net­ics, 152
epilep­sy, 310, 315
equine ther­a­py, 150–51, 213
Erich­sen, John Eric, 189
Erick­son, Mil­ton, 254
Esalen Insti­tute, 300
Esto­nia, “Singing Rev­o­lu­tion” in, 334
Eth, Spencer, 231
exec­u­tive func­tion, 62, 323
exiles (in IFS ther­a­py), 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
expo­sure ther­a­py, 194
EMDR vs., 255–56
PTSD and, 256
Expres­sion of the Emo­tions in Man and Ani­mals, The (Dar­win), 74–76
eye con­tact, direct vs. avert­ed, 102
eye move­ment desen­si­ti­za­tion and repro­cess­ing (EMDR), 47, 220, 225, 228, 231, 246, 248–62, 290,
308, 321
author’s train­ing in, 251–53
clin­i­cal study of, 254–55
expo­sure ther­a­py vs., 255–56
med­ica­tion vs., 254, 261
ori­gin of, 251
PTSD and, 248–49, 253–54, 260
sleep dis­or­ders and, 259–61
eye­wit­ness tes­ti­mo­ny, unre­li­a­bil­i­ty of, 192
Fair­bairn, Ronald, 109
false mem­o­ries, 189, 190, 191–92
Father-Daugh­ter Incest (Her­man), 138
“Faulty Cir­cuits” (Insel), 328
Feel­ing of What Hap­pens, The (Dama­sio), 93
Feldenkrais, Moshe, 92
Felit­ti, Vin­cent, 143–47, 156
fem­i­nist move­ment, 189
fight/flight response, 30, 42, 45–47, 54, 57, 60–61, 64, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, 96, 97, 209, 217, 218, 247,
265, 329, 408n
fire­fight­ers, in IFS ther­a­py, 282, 288–89, 291–92
Fish­er, Sebern, 312–14, 316–18, 325
Fish-Mur­ray, Nina, 105–7
Fisler, Rita, 40
flash­backs, 8, 13, 16, 20, 40, 42, 44, 45, 66–67, 68, 68, 70, 72, 101, 135, 172, 173, 176, 193–94,
196–98, 219, 227
flu­ox­e­tine, see Prozac (flu­ox­e­tine)
Foa, Edna, 233
focus:
in trau­ma recov­ery, 203, 347–48, 355
trau­ma sur­vivors’ dif­fi­cul­ties with, 158, 166, 245–46, 311–12, 328
For­tunoff Video Archive, 195
Fos­ha, Diana, 105
fos­ter-care youth, Pos­si­bil­i­ty Project the­ater pro­gram for, 340–42
free writ­ing, 238–39
freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion), 54, 54, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218, 265
of Ute Lawrence, 65–66, 68, 71–72, 80, 82, 99–100, 219–20
see also numb­ing
Freud, Sig­mund, 15, 27, 177, 181–82, 183, 184, 194, 219, 220, 231, 246–47
Frewen, Paul, 99
Fried­man, Matthew, 159
frontal cor­tex, 314
frontal lobes, 57–58, 62, 176
ADHD and, 310, 320
empa­thy and, 58–60
imag­i­na­tion and, 58
PTSD and, 320
see also medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex (MPFC)
frontal mid­line theta rhythm, 417n
func­tion­al mag­net­ic res­o­nance imag­ing (fMRI), 39, 66
Fussell, Paul, 243–44
Galen, 77
Gaz­zani­ga, Michael, 280–81
gene expres­sion:
attach­ment and, 154–55
stress and, 152, 347
genet­ics:
men­tal ill­ness and, 151–52
of rhe­sus mon­keys, 153–54
Ger­many, treat­ment of shell-shock vic­tims in, 185, 186–87
Glen­haven Acad­e­my, Van der Kolk Cen­ter at, 213, 401n
Gottman, John, 113
Grant Study of Adult Devel­op­ment, 175
Gray, Jef­frey, 33
Great Depres­sion, 186
Great War in Mod­ern Mem­o­ry, The (Fussell), 243–44
Great Work of Your Life, The (Cope), 230
Green­berg, Mark, 31, 32, 33
Green­berg, Ramon, 409n
Greer, Ger­maine, 187
Grif­fin, Paul, 335, 340–42
Gross, Steve, 85
group ther­a­py, lim­its of, 18
Gruze­li­er, John, 322
gun con­trol, 348
Gun­trip, Har­ry, 109
gut feel­ings, 96–97
Haig, Dou­glas, 185
Haley, Sarah, 13
Ham­lin, Ed, 323
hand­writ­ing, switch­ing in, 241–42
Har­ris, Bill, 155
Hart­mann, Ernest, 309–10
Har­vard Med­ical School, 40
Count­way Library of Med­i­cine at, 11, 24
Lab­o­ra­to­ry of Human Devel­op­ment at, 112
see also Mass­a­chu­setts Men­tal Health Cen­ter
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 309
Head Start, 350
heart dis­ease, 267
Heart­Math, 413n
heart rate, 46, 61, 66, 72, 116
heart rate vari­abil­i­ty (HRV), 77, 266–69, 268, 271, 355, 413n
Heck­man, James, 167, 347
Hedges, Chris, 31
help­less­ness, of trau­ma sur­vivors, 131, 133–34, 211, 265, 289–90, 341
Her­man, Judith, 138–41, 189, 296
hip­pocam­pus, 60, 69, 176
Hob­son, Allan, 26, 259–60, 261
Holo­caust, 43
Holo­caust sur­vivors, 99, 195, 223, 372n
chil­dren of, 118–19, 293–95
Holo­caust Tes­ti­monies: The Ruins of Mem­o­ry (Langer), 195, 372n
Hölzel, Brit­ta, 209–10, 275
home­osta­sis, 56
Hop­per, Jim, 266
Hos­sei­ni, Khaled, 7
human con­nec­tome, 329
humans, as social ani­mals, 110, 166, 349
Hurt Lock­er, The (film), 312
Hus­ton, John, 187, 220
hyp­n­a­gog­ic (trance) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326
hyp­no­sis, 187, 220
hypo­thal­a­mus, 56, 60
hys­te­ria, 177–78, 178
Freud and Breuer on, 181–82, 194
hys­ter­i­cal blind­ness, 126
imag­i­na­tion:
dreams and, 261
frontal lobes as seat of, 58
loss of, 17, 350
patho­log­i­cal, 25
psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py and, 305
recov­ery of, 205
imi­ta­tion, 112
immo­bi­liza­tion, see freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion)
immune sys­tem, 56
stress and, 240
of trau­ma sur­vivors, 126–27, 291
impul­siv­i­ty, 120, 164
incest sur­vivors:
cog­ni­tive defects in, 162
depres­sion in, 162
dis­so­ci­a­tion in, 132–33, 162
dis­tort­ed per­cep­tion of safe­ty in, 164
father-daugh­ter, 20, 188–89, 250, 265
high-risk behav­ior in, 164
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 163
immune sys­tems of, 126–27
lon­gi­tu­di­nal study of, 161–64
mis­guid­ed views of, 20, 188–89
numb­ing in, 162–63
obe­si­ty in, 144, 162
self-harm­ing in, 162
self-hatred in, 163
trou­bled sex­u­al devel­op­ment in, 162, 163
trust as dif­fi­cult for, 163
India, tra­di­tion­al med­i­cine in, 207
inescapable shock, 29–31
infants, 83–84
arousal in, 84, 113, 121, 161
attune­ment of care­givers and, 111–13, 117, 118
care­givers’ bonds with, 109–11, 113, 128–29
inter­nal locus of con­trol in, 113
sense of self in, 113
sen­so­ry expe­ri­ences of, 93–94
VVC devel­op­ment in, 83–84
infe­ri­or medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex, 376n
Insel, Thomas, 328
Insti­tute of the Penn­syl­va­nia Hos­pi­tal, 251
insu­la, 91, 91, 247, 274, 274, 382
inte­gra­tion, of trau­mat­ic mem­o­ries, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279, 308
inter­de­pen­dence, 340–41
inter­mit­tent explo­sive dis­or­der, 151
inter­nal fam­i­ly sys­tems (IFS) ther­a­py, 223–24, 262, 281–95, 418n
exiles in, 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
fire­fight­ers in, 282, 288–89, 291–92
man­agers in, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
mind­ful­ness in, 283
rheuma­toid arthri­tis and, 291–92
Self in, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
unbur­den­ing in, 295
inte­ro­cep­tion, 95–96, 413n
yoga and, 272–74
see also sen­so­ry self-aware­ness
inter­per­son­al neu­ro­bi­ol­o­gy, 2, 58–60
inti­ma­cy:
sus­pen­sion of defense mech­a­nisms in, 84–85
trau­ma sur­vivors’ dif­fi­cul­ty with, 99, 143
Iraq War:
deaths in, 348
vet­er­ans of, 220, 221, 222–23, 229, 312, 332
irri­tabil­i­ty, 10
iso­la­tion, of child­hood sex­u­al abuse sur­vivors, 131
James, William, 89–90, 93, 184, 277, 280, 296, 309
Janet, Pierre, 54, 177, 178–79, 181, 182, 184, 194, 218, 220, 312, 396n
Jou­vet, Michel, 259–60
Jung, Carl, 27, 280, 296
Jus­tice Resource Insti­tute, 339, 401n
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 209
Kagan, Jerome, 79, 237–38
Kaiser Per­ma­nente, 144
Kamiya, Joe, 315
Kan­del, Eric, 26
Kar­diner, Abram, 11, 187, 189, 371n
Kat­ri­na, Hur­ri­cane, 54
Keats, John, 248
Kee­gan, John, 185
Keep­ing Togeth­er in Time (McNeill), 333
Keller, Helen, 234–35
Kennedy, John F., 373n
Kin­neb­urgh, Kris­tine, 401n
Kite Run­ner, The (Hos­sei­ni), 7
Klonopin, 225
Kluft, Richard, 251, 281
Koch, Robert, 164
Kradin, Richard, 126
Krantz, Anne, 243
Krys­tal, Hen­ry, 99
Krys­tal, John, 30
Kulkosky, Paul, 326, 327
Lancet, 189
Langer, Lawrence, 195, 372n
lan­guage:
fail­ure of, in trau­ma sur­vivors, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53
lim­i­ta­tions of, 235–37, 243–45
men­tal health and, 38
self-dis­cov­ery and, 234–35
in trau­ma recov­ery, 230–47, 275–76
Lanius, Ruth, 66, 90, 92, 99, 102
Laub, Dori, 372n
Lawrence, T. E., 232
Lazar, Sara, 209–10, 275
learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties, neu­ro­feed­back and, 325
LeDoux, Joseph, 60, 206
legal cas­es:
admis­si­bil­i­ty of evi­dence in, 174–75
involv­ing pedophile priests, 183, 190, 191
Lejune, Camp, 270
Let­ters to a Young Poet (Rilke), 87
Let There Be Light (film), 187, 220
Levine, Peter, 26, 96, 217–18, 245, 408n
Lifton, Robert J., 19
lim­bic sys­tem, 42, 42, 56–57, 59, 60, 64
devel­op­ment of, 56–57
ther­a­py for, 205–6
in trau­ma sur­vivors, 59, 95, 176, 265
see also emo­tion­al brain
lithi­um, 27–28, 136, 225
loss, as basic human expe­ri­ence, 26–27
love, as basic human expe­ri­ence, 26–27
LSD, 223
L‑tryptophan, 34
lupus ery­the­mato­sus, 126
Lyons-Ruth, Karlen, 119–22
MacArthur, Dou­glas, 186
Mac­beth (Shake­speare), 43, 230
McFar­lane, Alexan­der, 89, 245–46, 311–12, 324–25
McGaugh, James, 176
MacLean, Paul, 64
McNeill, William H., 333
Maier, Steven, 29–30
Main, Mary, 115–17, 381n
Mamet, David, 331
man­agers, in IFS ther­a­py, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
Man­dela, Nel­son, 356
map of the world, inter­nal:
in child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 127–30
of chil­dren, 109, 127, 129
March of the Pen­guins (film), 96
Mar­lantes, Karl, 233–34
mar­tial arts, 86, 208, 355
Mass­a­chu­setts Depart­ment of Men­tal Health, 253
Mass­a­chu­setts Gen­er­al Hos­pi­tal, 192, 251
Neu­roimag­ing Lab­o­ra­to­ry of, 40
Mass­a­chu­setts Men­tal Health Cen­ter, 19–20, 22, 26, 28, 36, 142, 259–60
see also Children’s Clin­ic (MMHC); Trau­ma Clin­ic
mas­sage ther­a­py, 89, 92
Matthew, Eliz­a­beth, 253–54
Mau­rice, Prince of Orange, 333–34
MDMA (ecsta­sy), 223–24
mean­ing-mak­ing, as human trait, 16–17
medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex (MPFC), 62, 63, 69, 91, 92, 96, 274, 274
access­ing emo­tion­al brain through, 206, 206, 236, 353
bal­ance between amyg­dala and, 62–64
sen­so­ry self-aware­ness and, 90–91, 206, 354, 376n, 408n, 417n
Med­ic­aid, 37
med­i­cine, non-West­ern, 76, 86, 207–8
med­i­ta­tion, 208
mind­ful­ness, 63, 321, 400n
in yoga, 270
Melt­zoff, Andrew, 112
mem­o­ry:
lev­el of arousal and, 175–76
as nar­ra­tive, 176, 179, 194, 219
rewrit­ing of, 175, 191, 236, 255–56, 398n
see also repressed mem­o­ry; trau­mat­ic mem­o­ry
men­tal health, safe­ty as fun­da­men­tal to, 351, 352
men­tal hos­pi­tals, pop­u­la­tion of, 28
men­tal ill­ness:
dis­or­der mod­el of, 27
genet­ics and, 151–52
phar­ma­co­log­i­cal rev­o­lu­tion and, 36–38
as self-pro­tec­tive adap­ta­tions, 278–79
social engage­ment and, 78–79
methy­la­tion, 152
mil­i­tarism, 186
mind­ful­ness, 62, 63, 96, 131, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270, 283, 292, 321
med­i­ta­tion for, 63, 321, 400n
Mind­ful­ness-Based Stress Reduc­tion (MBSR), 209
Min­neso­ta Lon­gi­tu­di­nal Study of Risk and Adap­ta­tion, 160–61
Min­sky, Mar­vin, 281
mir­ror neu­rons, 58–59, 78, 102, 111–12
mis­di­ag­no­sis, of child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 136–48, 150, 151, 157, 226
mod­el mug­ging pro­gram, 218–19, 308
monomethyl­hy­drazine (MMH), 315
mood dys­reg­u­la­tion dis­or­der, 226
mood sta­bi­liz­ing drugs, 225
Moore, Dana, 269
MPFC, see medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex (MPFC)
mul­ti­ple per­son­al­i­ty dis­or­der, 277–78
Mur­ray, Hen­ry, 105–6
Mur­row, Ed, 43
mus­cu­lar bond­ing, 333–34
music, in trau­ma recov­ery, 242–43, 349, 355
Myers, Charles Samuel, 185, 187, 189
Myers, Fred­er­ic, 189
nal­trex­one, 327
Nathan Cum­mings Foun­da­tion, 155
Nation­al Aero­nau­tics and Space Admin­is­tra­tion (NASA), 315
Nation­al Asso­ci­a­tion of State Men­tal Health Pro­gram Direc­tors, 159
Nation­al Child Trau­mat­ic Stress Net­work (NCTSN), 155–56, 157, 351, 356
Nation­al Insti­tutes of Health, 28, 138, 207, 251, 254, 315, 329
DSM‑5 diag­nos­tic cri­te­ria reject­ed by, 165–66, 329
nature vs. nur­ture debate, 153–55, 160
Nazis, shell-shock vic­tims as viewed by, 186–87
neo­cor­tex, see ratio­nal brain
ner­vous sys­tem, 76–77
auto­nom­ic (ANS), 60, 63–64, 77, 80, 225, 266–67
parasym­pa­thet­ic (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
sym­pa­thet­ic (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67
neu­ro­cep­tion, 80
neu­ro­feed­back, 207, 312–29, 313, 418n
ADHD and, 322
alpha-theta train­ing in, 321, 326
author’s expe­ri­ence of, 313–14
dis­so­ci­a­tion and, 318
epilep­sy and, 315
his­to­ry of, 315
learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties and, 325
per­for­mance enhance­ment and, 322
PTSD and, 326–28
self-reg­u­la­tion in, 313
sub­stance abuse and, 327–28
Trau­ma Cen­ter pro­gram for, 318–20
neu­roimag­ing, see brain scans
neu­ro­plas­tic­i­ty, 3, 56, 167
neu­ro­science, 2, 29, 39, 275, 347
neu­ro­trans­mit­ters, 28–29
see also spe­cif­ic neu­ro­trans­mit­ters
New­berg­er, Car­olyn and Eli, 355
New Eng­land Jour­nal of Med­i­cine, 374n–75n
New York Times, 334, 375n
night­mares, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 44, 134–35, 327
Nijen­huis, Ellert, 281
1984 (Orwell), 109
non-West­ern med­i­cine, 76, 86, 207–8
nor­ep­i­neph­rine, 29
North Amer­i­can Asso­ci­a­tion for the Study of Obe­si­ty, 144
numb­ing, 14–15, 67, 71–73, 84, 87–89, 92, 99, 119, 124, 162–63, 198, 205, 247, 265–66, 273, 279,
304–5, 306
see also freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion)
obe­si­ty, 144, 147, 162, 266
Ogden, Pat, 26, 96, 217–18
Olds, David, 167
On the Ori­gin of Species (Dar­win), 74
oppo­si­tion­al defi­ant dis­or­der (ODD), 150, 151, 157, 282, 392n
orbital pre­frontal cor­tex, 91
Oresteia (Aeschy­lus), 332
Orr, Scott, 33
Orwell, George, 109
out-of-body expe­ri­ences, 100, 132–33, 286, 386n
oxy­tocin, 223
Pack­er, Tina, 330, 335, 345–46
“Pain in Men Wound­ed in Bat­tle” (Beech­er), 32–33
painkillers, 146, 349
pan­ic attacks, 97, 172
Panksepp, Jaak, 334, 387n, 398n
paral­y­sis, episod­ic, 228–29
para­noid schiz­o­phre­nia, 15
parasym­pa­thet­ic ner­vous sys­tem (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
par­ent-child inter­ac­tive ther­a­py (PCIT), 215
pari­etal lobes, 91
Pas­cual-Leone, Alvaro, 417n
Pas­teur, Louis, 164
Pat­ton, George, 186
Pavlov, Ivan, 39
Pax­il, 35, 225, 254
PBSP psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, see psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py
Pearl­man, Chester, 409n
pen­du­la­tion, 217–18, 245, 286, 333, 408n
Penis­ton, Eugene, 326, 327
Pen­nebak­er, James, 239–41, 243
per­for­mance enhance­ment, neu­ro­feed­back and, 322
peri­aque­duc­tal gray, 102
Per­ry, Bruce, 56
Per­ry, Chris, 138, 141, 296
Pes­so, Albert, 297–99
phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal indus­try, pow­er of, 374n–75n
phar­ma­co­log­i­cal rev­o­lu­tion, 27–29, 36–38, 310
prof­it motive in, 38
pho­bias, 256
phys­i­cal actions, com­ple­tion of, in trau­ma sur­vivors, 96
phys­i­cal activ­i­ty:
calm­ing effect of, 88
in trau­ma ther­a­py, 207–8
phys­i­ol­o­gy:
self-reg­u­la­tion of, 38
see also body; brain
Piaget, Jean, 105
Pilates, 199
Pit­man, Roger, 30, 33, 222
place­bo effect, 35
plane crash­es, sur­vivors of, 80
Plutarch, 334
pneu­mo­gas­tric nerve, see vagus nerve
Pol­lak, Seth, 114
poly­va­gal the­o­ry, 77–78, 86
Porges, Stephen, 77–78, 80, 83, 84–85, 86
positron emis­sion tomog­ra­phy (PET), 39
Pos­si­bil­i­ty Project, 335, 340–42
pos­te­ri­or cin­gu­late, 90–91, 91
Post­trau­mat­ic Cog­ni­tions Inven­to­ry, 233
pranaya­ma, 86, 270
pre­frontal cor­tex, 59, 68–69, 102
exec­u­tive func­tion in, 62
see also medi­al pre­frontal cor­tex (MPFC)
pre­frontal lobes, 254
Prince, Mor­ton, 184
Prin­ci­ples of Psy­chol­o­gy, The (James), 277
pris­ons:
pop­u­la­tion of, 348
spend­ing on, 168
pro­lactin, 223
pro­pra­nolol, 225
pro­pri­o­cep­tive (bal­ance) sys­tem, 247
pro­tag­o­nists, in psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, 297, 300–302
pro­to-self, 94
Prozac (flu­ox­e­tine), 34–35, 37, 223, 262
PTSD and, 35–36, 225, 226, 254, 261
psy­chi­a­try:
drug-based approach of, 315, 349
socioe­co­nom­ic fac­tors ignored in, 348
psy­cho­analy­sis, 22, 184, 230–31
see also talk ther­a­py (talk­ing cure)
psy­cho­dy­nam­ic psy­chother­a­py, 199
Psy­chol­o­gy Today, 315
psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, 296–308
author’s expe­ri­ence in, 298–99
feel­ing safe in, 300, 301
pro­tag­o­nists in, 297, 300–302
struc­tures in, 298–308
wit­ness­es in, 297, 300, 301, 306
psy­chophar­ma­col­o­gy, 20, 206
psy­chother­a­py, of child neglect sur­vivors, 296–97
psy­chotrop­ic drugs, 27–29, 37–38, 101, 136, 315, 349–50
PTSD and, 254, 261, 405n
in trau­ma recov­ery, 223–27
see also spe­cif­ic drugs
PTSD (post­trau­mat­ic stress dis­or­der):
acupunc­ture and acu­pres­sure in treat­ment of, 410n–11n
amyg­dala-MPFC imbal­ance in, 62–64
atten­tion and con­cen­tra­tion prob­lems in, 311–12
brain scans of, 102, 347, 408n
brain-wave pat­terns in, 311, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
chil­dren of par­ents with, 118–19
diag­no­sis of, 136–37, 142, 150, 156–57, 188, 319
dis­so­ci­a­tion in, 66–68
EMDR in treat­ment of, 248–49, 253–54
expo­sure ther­a­py and, 256
flash­backs in, 72, 327
in Holo­caust sur­vivors, 118–19
HRV in, 267, 268
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 102, 327, 408n
lan­guage fail­ure in, 244–45
MDMA in treat­ment of, 223–24
mem­o­ry and, 175, 190
numb­ing in, 72–73, 99
psy­chotrop­ic drugs and, 254, 261, 405n
reliv­ing in, 66–68, 180–81, 325
and secu­ri­ty of attach­ment to care­giv­er, 119
sen­so­ry self-aware­ness in, 89–92
social engage­ment and, 102
sub­stance abuse and, 327
yoga ther­a­py for, 207, 228–29, 268–69
PTSD (post­trau­mat­ic stress dis­or­der), of acci­dent and dis­as­ter sur­vivors, 41–43, 142–43, 348
EMDR and, 260
flash­backs in, 66–67, 68, 68, 196–98
hyper­sen­siv­i­ty to threat in, 45–47, 68
irri­tabil­i­ty and rage in, 68, 248–49
Lel­og as, 177–78
numb­ing in, 198
PTSD (post­trau­mat­ic stress dis­or­der), of com­bat vet­er­ans, 1–2, 106, 348, 371n
antipsy­chot­ic drugs and, 226–27
atten­tion and con­cen­tra­tion prob­lems of, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
diag­no­sis of, 19–21
down­side of med­ica­tions for, 36–37
flash­backs in, 8, 13, 16, 227
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 11, 327
hyp­no­sis and, 187, 220
in-or-out con­struct in, 18
irri­tabil­i­ty and rage in, 10, 14
neu­ro­feed­back and, 326–28
night­mares in, 8, 9, 14, 15, 134–35
numb­ing in, 14–15
pain and, 33
preva­lence of, 20
Prozac and, 35–36, 226
sero­tonin lev­els in, 33–34, 36
shame in, 13
shell-shock as, 11, 184–85
sleep dis­or­ders in, 409n
stress hor­mone lev­els in, 30
sui­cide and, 17, 332
the­ater as ther­a­py for, 331–32, 343–44
trau­mat­ic event as sole source of mean­ing in, 18
VA and, 19, 187–88, 222–23
yoga ther­a­py for, 270
PTSD scores, 254, 319, 324
Puk, Ger­ald, 252–53
pur­pose, sense of, 14, 92, 233
Put­nam, Frank, 30, 161–64, 251
qigong, 86, 208, 245, 264
quan­ti­ta­tive EEG (qEEG), 323
rage, 83
dis­place­ment of, 133–34, 140
in PTSD, 10, 14, 68, 248–49
in trau­ma sur­vivors, 46, 95, 99, 285, 304
“rail­way spine,” 177
rape, 1–2, 17, 88, 213–14
increased inci­dence of, in sur­vivors of child­hood abuse, 85, 146–47
preva­lence of, 20–21
ratio­nal brain, 55, 57–58
bal­ance between emo­tion­al brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
feel­ings and, 205
Rauch, Scott, 40, 42
reac­tive attach­ment dis­or­der, 150, 151
reci­procity, 79–80
reck­less behav­ior, 120
reen­act­ing, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182
rela­tion­ships:
emo­tion­al brain and, 122
men­tal health and, 38, 55
in trau­ma recov­ery, 210–13
see also inti­ma­cy; social engage­ment
reliv­ing, 66–68, 180–81
Rel­man, Arnold, 374n–75n
Remar­que, Erich Maria, 171, 186
Rem­brandt van Rijn, 215
Remem­ber­ing, Repeat­ing and Work­ing Through (Freud), 219
REM sleep, 260–61, 309–10, 409n
repressed mem­o­ry, 183, 184–99
of child­hood sex­u­al abuse sur­vivors, 190, 397n
false mem­o­ries and, 189, 190, 191–92
reli­a­bil­i­ty of, 191
see also trau­mat­ic mem­o­ry
Research Domain Cri­te­ria (RDoC), 165–66
resilience, 105, 109, 161, 278–79, 314, 316, 351, 355, 356
Respiri­dol, 215
rhe­sus mon­keys:
peer-raised, 154
per­son­al­i­ty types in, 153
rheuma­toid arthri­tis (RA), IFS in treat­ment of, 291–92
rhyth­mic move­ment, in trau­ma ther­a­py, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349
right tem­po­ral lobe, 319, 324
Rilke, Rain­er Maria, 87
Risperdal, 37, 226, 227
Rital­in, 107, 136
rit­u­al, trau­ma recov­ery and, 331–32
Rivers, W. H. R., 189
road rage, 83
role-play­ing, in psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, 298–300
Rorschach test, 15–17, 35
Roy, Alec, 154
Rozelle, Deb­o­rah, 214
Rumi, 277
Rwan­da geno­cide, 244
safe­ty:
a fun­da­men­tal to men­tal health, 351, 352
as lack­ing in child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 141, 213, 296, 301, 351
in trau­ma recov­ery, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353
trau­ma sur­vivors’ dis­tort­ed per­cep­tion of, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 164, 270
Salpêtrière, La, 177–78, 178, 194
Saul, Noam, 51–53, 52, 58, 261
Saxe, Glenn, 119
Scen­tif­ic Amer­i­can, 149
Schac­ter, Dan, 93
Schilder, Paul, 100
schiz­o­phre­nia, 15, 22–23, 27, 29
genet­ics and, 151–52
schools, see edu­ca­tion sys­tem
Schwartz, Richard, 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 291, 418n
Sci­ence, 94–95
selec­tive sero­tonin reup­take inhibitors (SSRIs), 35, 36
see also Prozac (flu­ox­e­tine)
Self:
dis­or­ga­nized attach­ment and, 120
in IFS ther­a­py, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
in infants, 113
mul­ti­ple aspects of, 280–95; see also inter­nal fam­i­ly sys­tems (IFS) ther­a­py
reestab­lish­ing own­er­ship of, 203–4, 318
in trau­ma sur­vivors, 166, 233, 247
self-aware­ness:
auto­bi­o­graph­i­cal self in, 236
sen­so­ry, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 354, 376n, 382n, 408n, 418n
self-blame, in child­hood sex­u­al abuse sur­vivors, 131, 132
self-com­pas­sion, 292
self-con­fi­dence, 205, 350
self-deceit, as source of suf­fer­ing, 11, 26–27
self-dis­cov­ery, lan­guage and, 234–35
self-harm­ing, 20, 25, 87, 138, 141, 158, 162, 172, 264, 266, 288–89, 316, 317
self-hatred, 134, 143, 158, 163, 279
self-lead­er­ship, 203, 280–95
self-nur­ture, 113
self-recog­ni­tion, absence of, 105
self-reg­u­la­tion, 113, 158, 161, 207, 224, 300, 347–48, 354, 401
neu­ro­feed­back and, 313
yoga and, 271–72, 274, 275
Selig­man, Mar­tin, 29–30
Sem­rad, Elvin, 11, 26, 237
sen­sa­tion seek­ing, 266, 272
sen­so­ri­mo­tor ther­a­py, 96, 214–15, 217–18
sen­so­ry self-aware­ness, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 347, 354, 376n, 382n,
408n, 418n
Sep­tem­ber 11, 2001, ter­ror­ist attacks, 51–53, 52
chil­dren as wit­ness­es to, 119
ther­a­pies for trau­ma from, 230–31
Sero­quel, 37, 101, 215, 226, 227
sero­tonin, 33, 153, 154, 262
sero­tonin reup­take inhibitors (SSRIs), 215, 225
Ser­van-Schreiber, David, 304
Sev­en Pil­lars of Wis­dom (Lawrence), 232
sex­u­al promis­cu­ity, 120, 285, 286
Shadick, Nan­cy, 291
Shake­speare, William, 43, 230, 343–46, 355
Shake­speare & Com­pa­ny, 335, 343–46
Shake­speare in the Courts, 335, 336, 342–44
Shalev, Arieh, 30
shame, 13–14, 102, 132, 138, 174, 211, 300
Shan­ley, Paul, 171–74, 183, 191
Shapiro, Francine, 251
Shatan, Chaim, 19
shavasana, 271
shell-shock, 11, 184–85
Shell Shock in France (Myers), 187
singing and chant­i­ng, in trau­ma recov­ery, 86, 214
“Singing Rev­o­lu­tion,” 334
Sketch­es of War, 331
Sky, Licia, 216–17
sleep dis­or­ders, 46, 95
EMDR and, 259–61
in PTSD, 409n
REM sleep and, 260–61, 409n
see also night­mares
SMART (sen­so­ry motor arousal reg­u­la­tion treat­ment), 215
smok­ing, sur­geon general’s report on, 148
Social Brain, The (Gaz­zani­ga), 280–81
social engage­ment:
as basic human trait, 110, 166
PTSD and, 102
as response to threat, 80–81, 82, 88
in rhe­sus mon­keys, 153–54
in trau­ma recov­ery, 204
trau­ma sur­vivors and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349
social sup­port, for child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors, 167–68, 350
socioe­co­nom­ic stress, dis­or­ga­nized attach­ment and, 117–18
Solomon, Richard, 32
Solomon, Roger, 260
somat­ic expe­ri­enc­ing, 217–18
Somme, Bat­tle of the (1916), 185
sooth­ing, arousal and, 113
Sopho­cles, 332
South Africa, 213–14, 333, 349
South­bor­ough Report, shell-shock diag­no­sis reject­ed by, 185
South­wick, Steve, 30
Sow­ell, Nan­cy, 291
speech cen­ters (brain), 42, 43
Sper­ry, Roger, 51
Spinaz­zo­la, Joseph, 156, 339, 351
Spitzer, Robert, 142
Sroufe, Alan, 160–61, 166
Steel, Kathy, 281
Ster­man, Bar­ry, 315
Stern, Jes­si­ca, 7
Stick­gold, Robert, 260, 261
stim­uli:
adjust­ment to, 32
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to, see threat, hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to
Sto­ry of My Life, The (Keller), 234
Strange Sit­u­a­tion, 115
stress:
gene expres­sion and, 152
immune func­tion and, 240
see also trau­ma
stress hor­mones, 30, 42, 46, 60, 61, 66–67, 158, 162, 217, 233
struc­tur­al dis­so­ci­a­tion mod­el, 281
struc­tures, in psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, 298–308
sub­cor­ti­cal brain struc­tures, 95
sub­mis­sive­ness, 97, 218
sub­per­son­al­i­ties, 280–95
sub­stance abuse, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266
neu­ro­feed­back and, 327–28
with­draw­al and, 32, 327
sui­ci­dal behav­ior and thoughts, 24, 28, 88, 120, 138, 141, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 256, 287, 316,
332
sui­cide by cop, 182
Sum­mit, Roland, 131, 136
Suo­mi, Stephen, 153–54, 160
supe­ri­or tem­po­ral cor­tex, 386n
sym­pa­thet­ic ner­vous sys­tem (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67
Szyf, Moshe, 152
tai chi, 207–8
talk ther­a­py (talk­ing cure), 22, 27, 36, 72, 181–82, 230–37, 253
expe­ri­ence vs. telling in, 235–36
TAQ, see Trau­mat­ic Antecedents Ques­tion­aire (TAQ)
Tavi­s­tock Clin­ic, 109
Teich­er, Mar­tin, 140, 149, 416n
tem­po­ral lobe abnor­mal­i­ties, 416n
tem­po­ral pari­etal junc­tion, 100
ten­sion, in trau­ma sur­vivors, 100–101, 265–66
ter­ror­ism:
PTSD from, 348
see also Sep­tem­ber 11, 2001, ter­ror­ist attacks
testos­terone, 163
thal­a­m­o­cor­ti­cal net­works, 417n
thal­a­mus, 60, 70–71, 176, 324
the­ater, in trau­ma recov­ery, 214, 330–32, 334–46, 355
con­flict and, 335
emo­tions and, 335, 344–45
feel­ing safe in, 336–37
The­ater of War, 332
The­mat­ic Apper­cep­tion Test (TAT), 106–7
ther­a­pists, in trau­ma recov­ery, 212–13, 244
theta waves, 321, 326, 417n
Tho­razine (chlor­pro­mazine), 22–23
thoughts, phys­i­cal sen­sa­tions and, 209
threat:
con­fu­sion of safe­ty and, 85, 97, 119, 164
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to, 2, 11, 17, 33, 45–47, 68, 84, 95, 102, 143, 158, 161, 163, 196–97, 225, 265,
310, 327, 328, 408n
social engage­ment as response to, 80–81, 82, 88
whole-body response to, 53–55, 53, 60–62, 61
see also fight/flight response; freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion)
time, sense of, 273
Tourette, Gilles de la, 177
trance (hyp­n­a­gog­ic) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326
tran­scra­nial mag­net­ic stim­u­la­tion (TMS), 417n
trau­ma:
artic­u­la­tion of, 232–34
brain changes from, 2–3, 21, 59, 347
grow­ing aware­ness of, 347
as most urgent pub­lic health issue, 148, 149–50, 356
nar­ra­tives of, 7, 43, 46, 70, 130, 135, 175, 176, 194, 219, 220, 231, 250, 252–53, 261–62; see also
trau­mat­ic mem­o­ry
phys­i­o­log­i­cal changes from, 2–3, 21, 53, 53, 72
preva­lence of, 1
reac­ti­va­tion of, 2
risk of, socioe­co­nom­ic sta­tus and, 348
trau­ma, heal­ing from, 203–29
ani­mal ther­a­py in, 80, 150–51, 213
ARC mod­el in, 401n
art and, 242–43
body ther­a­pies for, 3, 26, 72, 86, 89, 207–8, 215–17, 228–29, 245; see also spe­cif­ic ther­a­pies
calm­ing and relax­ation tech­niques in, 131, 203–4; see also breath­ing; mind­ful­ness; yoga
CBT in, 182, 194, 220–21
com­mu­ni­ty in, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355
desen­si­ti­za­tion ther­a­pies in, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23
EMDR ther­a­py in, see eye move­ment desen­si­ti­za­tion and repro­cess­ing (EMDR)
emo­tion­al self-reg­u­la­tion in, 203–4, 206–8, 212, 353, 401n
feel­ing safe in, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353
focus in, 203, 347–48, 355
giv­ing up self-deceit in, 204
IFS ther­a­py in, see inter­nal fam­i­ly sys­tems (IFS) ther­a­py
inte­grat­ing trau­mat­ic mem­o­ries in, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279
lan­guage and, 230–47, 275–76
lim­bic sys­tem ther­a­py in, 205–6
liv­ing in present as goal of, 204
mind­ful­ness in, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270
music in, 242–43, 349, 355
need to revis­it trau­ma in, 204–5, 211
neu­ro­feed­back in, see neu­ro­feed­back
pro­fes­sion­al ther­a­pists for, 212–13, 244
psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py in, 296–308
reestab­lish­ing own­er­ship of one’s self as goal of, 204–5
rela­tion­ships in, 204, 210–13
rhyth­mic move­ment and, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349
schools as resources for, 351–56
search for mean­ing in, 233–34
self-aware­ness in, 208, 235–38, 273, 347
self-lead­er­ship in, 203, 280–95
sen­so­ri­mo­tor ther­a­py in, 96, 214–15
singing and chant­i­ng in, 86, 214
talk ther­a­py in, 230–37, 253
the­ater in, see the­ater, in trau­ma recov­ery
writ­ing and, 238–42
yoga in, 63, 86, 207, 225, 228–29, 231, 263–76
Trau­ma and Recov­ery (Her­man), 189
Trau­ma Cen­ter, 3–4, 72, 85, 86, 121, 122, 163–64, 166, 214–15, 228, 266, 269, 271, 340, 351
neu­ro­feed­back lab­o­ra­to­ry at, 318–20, 324
Trau­ma Dra­ma pro­gram of, 335, 336–37, 339, 355
Urban Improv study of, 338–39
Trau­ma Clin­ic, 35, 251, 253
trau­ma sur­vivors:
alex­ithymia in, 98–99, 247, 272–73, 291, 319
blam­ing in, 45
brain scans of, 39–47, 42, 66, 68–70, 68, 71–72, 72, 82, 99–100, 319
brain-wave pat­terns in, 311–12, 311, 324
con­tin­ued stress mobi­liza­tion in, 53–55, 53
denial in, 46, 291
deper­son­al­iza­tion in, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 291, 386n, 401n
dere­al­iza­tion in, 401n
dis­so­ci­a­tion in, 66–68, 95, 172, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 316, 317–18
dis­tort­ed per­cep­tion of safe­ty in, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 119, 164, 270
fear of emo­tions in, 335
fear of exper­i­men­ta­tion in, 305
flash­backs in, 40, 42, 45, 70, 176, 193–94, 219
freeze response (immo­bi­liza­tion) in, 54, 54, 80, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218
hand­writ­ing of, 241–42
help­less­ness of, 217, 341
hyper­sen­si­tiv­i­ty to threat in, 2, 61–62, 84
immune sys­tems of, 126–27, 291
inner void in, 296–308
inti­ma­cy as dif­fi­cult for, 99
irri­tabil­i­ty and rage in, 46, 95, 99
lan­guage fail­ure in, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53
lim­bic sys­tem in, 59, 95, 265
liv­ing in present as dif­fi­cult for, 67, 70, 73, 312
loss of imag­i­na­tion in, 17, 96
loss of pur­pose in, 92, 233
med­ica­tion and, 3
mem­o­ry and atten­tion prob­lems in, 46
night­mares in, 44
numb­ing in, 67, 84, 119, 205, 247, 272, 304–5, 306
pan­ic attacks in, 97
polar­iza­tion of self-sys­tem in, 281
reci­procity and, 79–80
reen­act­ing in, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182
self-harm­ing in, 266, 288–89
self-pro­tec­tive strate­gies of, 278–79
sen­sa­tion seek­ing in, 266, 272
sense of self in, 166, 233, 247
sense of time in, 273
sen­so­ry over­load in, 70–71
sen­so­ry self-aware­ness in, 89, 96, 247, 418n
shame in, 102, 138, 211, 300
sleep dis­or­ders in, 46, 95
social engage­ment and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349
somat­ic symp­toms in, 97–98
stress hor­mone lev­els in, 30
sub­stance abuse by, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266
ten­sion and defen­sive­ness in, 100–101, 265–66
trust as dif­fi­cult for, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253
see also child­hood trau­ma sur­vivors; PTSD (post­trau­mat­ic stress dis­or­der)
Trau­mat­ic Antecedents Ques­tion­aire (TAQ), 138–40, 141
trau­mat­ic mem­o­ry, 171–83, 246–47, 278
as dis­or­ga­nized, 193
hys­te­ria as, see hys­te­ria
inte­gra­tion of, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 255–56, 261–62, 279, 308
nar­ra­tive mem­o­ry vs., 176, 179, 194, 219, 231–32, 236
nor­mal mem­o­ry vs., 175–76, 180, 181, 189, 192–94, 219, 372n
“rail­way spine” as, 177
see also repressed mem­o­ry
Trau­mat­ic Neu­roses of War, The (Kar­diner), 11, 187
Tre­varthen, Col­wyn, 111
Trick­ett, Pene­lope, 161–63
trig­gered respons­es, 66–68
Tron­ick, Ed, 84, 112
trust, dif­fi­cul­ty of, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253
Truth and Rec­on­cil­i­a­tion Com­mis­sion, 213–14, 333, 349
Tutu, Desmond, 333
Ubun­tu, 349
Unit­ed States Asso­ci­a­tion for Body Psy­chother­a­py, 297
Urban Improv, 334–35
Trau­ma Cen­ter study of, 337–39
vagus nerve, 76, 78, 80–82, 81, 207, 245
Val­i­um, 225
val­proate, 136, 225, 405n
van der Hart, Onno, 281, 396n
Van der Kolk Cen­ter, 213, 401n
vaso­pressin, 223
ven­tral vagal com­plex (VVC), 81–82,
82, 83–84
devel­op­ment of, 84
Ver­sailles, Treaty of (1919), 186
Vet­er­ans Admin­is­tra­tion (VA):
Boston Clin­ic of, 7, 10, 11, 12, 187–88, 227, 331
PTSD and, 19, 222–23, 226–27, 244–45
Vet­er­ans Affairs Depart­ment, U.S, 156, 224, 255
Viet­nam vet­er­ans, 7–8, 12, 15, 17–18, 33, 156, 182, 187–88, 190, 222–23, 227, 233–34
visu­al cor­tex, 42, 44
voice, respons­es to, 85–86
Wal­ter Reed Nation­al Mil­i­tary Med­ical Cen­ter, 322
War Is a Force That Gives Us Mean­ing (Hedges), 31
Warn­er, Liz, 214, 418
War­ren, Robert Penn, 22
Wern­er, Emi­ly, 392n
“What Is an Emo­tion?” (James), 89–90
What It Is Like to Go to War (Mar­lantes), 233
“When the Patient Reports Atroc­i­ties” (Haley), 13
Wiesel, Elie, 356
Williams, Dar, 203
Williams, Lin­da Mey­er, 190–91
Wil­son, Scott, 126
Win­frey, Oprah, 356
Win­ni­cott, Don­ald, 109, 113–14
wit­ness­es, in psy­chomo­tor ther­a­py, 297, 300, 301, 306
Wood­man, Mar­i­on, 230
World Enough and Time (War­ren), 22
World I Live In, The (Keller), 235
World War I, 243–44
shell-shock in, 11, 184–86, 189
World War II, 9, 210
com­bat trau­ma in, 187–88
vet­er­ans of, 18, 53, 187, 188
writ­ing, in trau­ma recov­ery, 238–42
Xanax, 225
Yale Uni­ver­si­ty, For­tunoff Video Archive at, 195
Yehu­da, Rachel, 30, 118
yoga, 63, 86, 231, 263–76, 354
asanas (pos­tures) in, 270, 272
clin­i­cal stud­ies of, 273–75, 274
HRV and, 268–69, 271
inte­ro­cep­tion and, 272–74
med­i­ta­tion in, 270
pranaya­ma (breath­ing) in,
86, 270
PTSD and, 207, 228–29, 268–69, 270
self-reg­u­la­tion and, 271–72, 274, 275
Yoga and the Quest for the True Self (Cope), 263, 272
Zaichkowsky, Len, 322
Zoloft, 35, 225, 254
Zyprexa, 37, 101

Hen­ri Bergson’s work, as sum­ma­rized in this chap­ter, empha­sizes the excep­tion­al impor­tance and infi­nite reach of his new phi­los­o­phy. This nov­el approach, marked by its unique­ness and poten­tial for mis­un­der­stand­ing, posi­tions itself as the future depar­ture point for spec­u­la­tive phi­los­o­phy, attract­ing an increas­ing num­ber of adher­ents despite the inevitabil­i­ty of mis­in­ter­pre­ta­tions and the poten­tial for its trans­for­ma­tion into a new form of scholas­ti­cism.

Bergson’s phi­los­o­phy under­lines the cen­tral­i­ty of intu­ition over analy­sis and the dynam­ic nature of real­i­ty and con­scious­ness. It con­trasts con­cep­tu­al analy­sis with the imme­di­a­cy and depth of intu­itive under­stand­ing, see­ing life and exis­tence as con­tin­u­al becom­ing and empha­siz­ing the role of change as fun­da­men­tal to both being and knowl­edge. This per­spec­tive chal­lenges tra­di­tion­al meta­phys­i­cal and sci­en­tif­ic frame­works, propos­ing instead that real­i­ty is char­ac­ter­ized by flux, dura­tion, and a qual­i­ta­tive con­ti­nu­ity that eludes sta­t­ic con­cep­tu­al­iza­tion.

The chap­ter out­lines a com­pre­hen­sive cri­tique of exist­ing philo­soph­i­cal and sci­en­tif­ic tenets, includ­ing deter­min­ism, mate­ri­al­ism, and mech­a­nism, advo­cat­ing for an under­stand­ing of real­i­ty that acknowl­edges the lim­i­ta­tions of lan­guage, the pit­falls of ratio­nal­ism, and the insuf­fi­cien­cy of mere analy­sis to cap­ture the essence of life. Berg­son asserts the impor­tance of free­dom, the real­i­ty of change, and the val­ue of imme­di­ate expe­ri­ence, posit­ing intu­ition as not only a method­olog­i­cal start­ing point but as a fun­da­men­tal prin­ci­ple that tran­scends the bound­aries of ratio­nal dis­course and empir­i­cal obser­va­tion.

Key con­cepts such as dura­tion, mem­o­ry, free­dom, and the cri­tique of intel­lec­tu­al­ism are high­light­ed as cen­tral to Bergson’s phi­los­o­phy. He calls into ques­tion the ade­qua­cy of sci­en­tif­ic and ratio­nal­ist mod­els to ful­ly grasp the nature of real­i­ty, argu­ing for a philo­soph­i­cal approach that pri­or­i­tizes the flu­id, dynam­ic, and inher­ent­ly qual­i­ta­tive aspects of life and con­scious­ness. The chap­ter also touch­es on the philo­soph­i­cal impli­ca­tions of evo­lu­tion, the role of intu­ition in under­stand­ing the con­tin­u­ous flow of exis­tence, and the cri­tique of sta­t­ic con­cep­tions of being and knowl­edge.

In essence, Berg­son advo­cates for a rad­i­cal reeval­u­a­tion of the way we under­stand the world, urg­ing a shift from the ana­lyt­i­cal and dis­sec­tive modes of thought that have dom­i­nat­ed West­ern phi­los­o­phy and sci­ence to a more holis­tic, intu­itive, and dynam­ic per­spec­tive. This approach seeks to rec­on­cile the human expe­ri­ence with the under­ly­ing real­i­ties of life, empha­siz­ing growth, change, and the intrin­sic unpre­dictabil­i­ty and cre­ativ­i­ty of the nat­ur­al world.