55 Results with the "Science" genre


    • Chapter

      RFCs

      RFCs Cover
      by LovelyMay RFCs serve as the architectural blueprints of the internet, shaping the way systems communicate and evolve. Initially, they were simple memos exchanged by a tight-knit group of researchers. Today, they form a globally recognized documentation system that governs internet protocols, innovations, and standards. Every protocol that allows your browser to talk to a website or your email client to fetch messages is based on one or more of these documents. Their legacy lies not just in what they define, but how…
    • Operating the Internet Cover
      by LovelyMay Operating the Internet served as a fundamental experience in the early digital age, where users engaged with systems like BSD to access crucial documents. Unlike today’s browser-based ease, interactions were reliant on terminal commands and a structured understanding of protocols like Telnet and FTP. Retrieving a file such as NETINFO:NUG.DOC, known as The Users Guide to the ARPAnet, involved connecting to servers like sri-nic.arpa via telnet before transitioning into an FTP session for downloading the…
    • Address Allocation Cover
      by LovelyMay In this chapter titled "Address Allocation," the focus lies on understanding the foundational protocols and practical methodologies used for distributing internet messages within a campus environment, as well as the crucial procedures involved in assigning and managing IP addresses that allow a local network to interface with the global internet. These concepts form the bedrock of internet connectivity in institutional settings, where both communication efficiency and network scalability are…
    • Chapter

      Trust Issues

      Trust Issues Cover
      by LovelyMay Trust Issues in the internet’s operational framework have grown more pronounced as the network has expanded beyond its original controlled environment. Initially, under DARPA’s stewardship, the network’s integrity depended on mutual trust among a small, centralized group of gateways. These systems shared routing information freely, under the assumption that all parties were both competent and cooperative. But with the emergence of independent administrative domains and multiple wide area networks,…
    • Chapter

      Gated

      Gated Cover
      by LovelyMay Gated represents a key shift in internet routing, designed to address the fragmentation created by disparate routing protocols. As the early internet evolved, multiple networks operated with their own routing systems—such as RIP for campus environments and Hello for NSFnet—each optimized for localized needs but ill-equipped to scale seamlessly across a broader architecture. To bridge these inconsistencies, Gated (short for “Gateway Daemon”) was developed as a flexible routing software capable of…
    • Chapter

      “Names”

      “Names” Cover
      by LovelyMay Names shape the very foundation of human interaction with the internet. Unlike numerical IP addresses, which are hard to memorize or type accurately, symbolic names offer a friendlier interface for everyday users. Early on, these names were manually cataloged in a centralized host file maintained by the Network Information Center (NIC), a method that worked only while the number of hosts remained manageable. As network participation expanded, especially with the inclusion of smaller systems and personal…
    • Chapter

      Trailers

      Trailers Cover
      by LovelyMay Trailers mark an intriguing yet underutilized aspect of internet data handling. In a networked system, as data travels between applications and devices, it's divided into manageable chunks, known as packets. Each packet contains a header at the beginning, which includes addressing and routing information essential for delivery. Trailers, in theory, were designed to supplement this by placing additional control information at the end of packets. Their role was to enhance data handling efficiency by…
    • Aviation Development Cover
      by LovelyMay Aviation Development during 1911 reflects a year of groundbreaking progress, where innovation and daring merged to shape the future of flight. This chapter offers a detailed look at how records in speed, distance, duration, and altitude were achieved by aviators across both Europe and America. These achievements are not only categorized by their nature but also distinguished by whether pilots flew solo or carried passengers. The scope of progress wasn’t isolated—it was global. Pilots pushed their…
    • Notable Cross-Country Flights of 1911 Cover
      by LovelyMay Notable Cross-Country Flights of 1911 brought aviation to the forefront of technological and human achievement, as pilots tested not just machines but their own endurance across vast landscapes. One of the year’s most dramatic highlights was Orville Wright’s flight at Killdevil Hills, where he remained aloft for over ten minutes despite strong winds. This feat demonstrated the increasing control and stability of powered flight. While Wright’s contribution remained largely experimental, many aviators…
    • Aeroplanes and Dirigible Balloons in Warfare Cover
      by LovelyMay Aeroplanes and Dirigible Balloons in Warfare marks a period when aerial innovation began reshaping both public imagination and military doctrine. The chapter opens with highlights from two high-profile races that reflect not only mechanical progress but also public fascination with the speed and capabilities of early aircraft. L. Beachey’s journey from New York to Philadelphia in a Curtiss machine demonstrated impressive consistency at 45 miles per hour. Meanwhile, E. Ovington’s triumph in a…
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