CHAPTER I -Flying Machines Construction And Operation

Octave Chanute’s opening chapter in “Flying Machines: Construction and Operation” outlines the evolution of the two-surface flying machine, a pivotal innovation in the history of aviation. Chanute begins by acknowledging F. H. Wenham, who, in 1866, patented the initial concept in England, involving multiple aeroplanes arranged above each other to support a framework or car containing the motive power, using materials like silk or canvas stretched on a frame.

Wenham’s presentation to the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain in 1866 marked a significant contribution, discussing bird flight observations and his experiments with models large enough to carry a man. His design, involving superposed surfaces to increase supporting surface area without significantly adding weight, laid foundational principles still recognized in aviation.

Subsequent experiments by others, such as Stringfellow’s superposed surfaces model and Linfield’s unsuccessful venture, further explored the concept, albeit with mixed results. The chapter also mentions Commandant Renard’s “dirigible parachute” and Horatio Phillips’ work on wing sections and stability issues, highlighting the trial-and-error nature of early aviation development.

Lawrence Hargrave’s invention of the cellular kite introduced a stable design, utilizing superposed surfaces connected by a rod or frame, portraying another step towards reliable flight. Chanute then shares his and contemporaries’ glider experiments, emphasizing adjustments and refinements leading to more functional designs. Particularly, Chanute recounts his own work with Herring and Avery on multiple-winged machines and the eventual development of a three-decked machine that demonstrated improved safety and manageability.

The chapter concludes by crediting Wenham’s initial proposal of superposed surfaces as a pivotal contribution to aviation, despite Chanute’s own novel modifications leading to successful gliders. This foundational work underscores the collaborative and iterative nature of aviation innovation, highlighting the importance of building upon previous efforts to advance flight technology.